Outline
Introduction Mobile RFID
Components Architecture
Privacy Issues in RFID Proposed Solutions for Privacy Issues in RFID RFID Privacy protection using Mobile Agent Another Privacy Protection Scheme for Mobile
RFID Comparison of MARP and the Other Method
for RFID Privacy Protection Conclusion and future work
Introduction
RFID (Radio Frequency IDentification) is an automatic contactless identification system
It is based on EPC (Electronic product code)
It uses RF signal for communication can be a good substitute for barcode
system used in manufacturing, supply chain
management and inventory control
Papers that will be Discussed
1) H. Lee, J. Kim. "Privacy Threats and Issues in Mobile RFID." The First International Conference on Availability, Reliability and Security (ARES '06), 2006.
2) S. C. Kim, S. S. Yeo, S. K. Kim. "MARP: Mobile Agent for RFID Privacy Protection." 7th Smart Card Research and Advanced Application IFIP Conference (CARDIS '06), Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 2006, pp. 300-312.
3) I. J. Kim, E. Y. Choi, D. H. Lee. "Secure Mobile RFID System Against Privacy and Security Problems." Third International Workshop on Security, Privacy and Trust in Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing (SecPerU’07), 2007, pp. 67-72.
4) Radio-frequency identification, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rfid
Mobile RFID
“Mobile RFID (M-RFID) can be defined as services that provide information on objects equipped with an RFID tag over a telecommunication network”
- C. Seidler, “RFID Opportunities for mobile telecommunication services”, ITU-T Lighthouse Technical Paper, May 2005.
Reader is embedded in a mobile device
Components of Mobile RFID System RFID Tag
Consists of two parts Microchip Antenna
Three kinds of tags Passive Active Semi-passive
Use EPC (Electronic Product Code) structure to store information
Components of Mobile RFID System (contd.) Mobile Reader Base Station
Manages communication among the reader and the servers
Network Servers Object Information Server (OIS)
Contains information about an object Object Name Server (ONS)
Contains the URL of OIS
Internet
Wireless
Mobile RFID Network Architecture
OIS Server
ONS Server
Base Station
Mobile RFID Reader
RFID Tag
1. Request EPC
2. Reply EPC
3. EPC
8. Information of EPC
4. Request information of URL for EPC
5. Reply URL
6. Request information of a tag to URL
7. Transmit information of the tag
Mobile RFID Network Architecture [Kim et. al. 2007]
Mobile RFID Network Architecture A mobile reader requests EPC from a tag The tag sends EPC to the mobile reader The mobile reader sends the received EPC to a base
station The base station requests URL of a server which
includes information of EPC to ONS server ONS server sends the requested URL to the base station Using the received URL the base station requests
information of EPC from OIS server OIS server sends information of EPC to the base station The base station sends information of EPC to the mobile
reader
Privacy Issues in RFID
Traceability Tracking the movement of an user or an object
Information Leakage Gathering information about user without
authorization Impersonation
Acting as a legitimate user by making a clone tag
Additional Privacy Issues for Mobile RFID Reading range of the tag increases Privacy of the reader carrying user
Proposed Solutions for Privacy Issues in RFID The Kill Command
Deactivates the tag for further reading Tag password
tag can be password protected Encryption
Encryption of tag data using cryptography Proxying Approach
An additional mobile device is used as proxy Reader communicates with tag through the
proxy Blocking
Uses a privacy bit to restrict public scanning of the tag
MARP: Mobile Agent for RFID Privacy Protection
Introduced by Kim,Yeo, Kim in 2006
Uses a mobile agent as the proxy of the tag
Uses hash function and public-key cryptography system.
Every RFID user carries a MARP which has the information about all user tags
The MARP Method
MARP method has four phases Initial Setup phase Privacy Protection phase (tag sleep mode) Authentication phase (tag wake mode) Main scheme
The MARP Method (contd.)
Initial Setup Phase Every reader belongs to a specific group
and has its own group ID and public key Tag has its PIN and tag ID MARP contains the reader’s group ID and
public key MARP also has the tag IDs, PIN and hashed
secret data The server contains the tag related and the
reader group related information
The MARP Method (contd.)
Privacy Protect Phase MARP obtains the secret information of the
tag puts the tag into sleep mode communicates with the reader on behalf of
the tag after authenticating the reader Authentication Phase
Server checks the validity of tag
The MARP Method (contd.)
Main Scheme The authentication between the tag and MARP,
between the MARP and the reader and between the server and tag are done collectively
Overall scenario using MARP The PIN of the RFID tag is stored in the shop’s DB after
arrival of a good A consumer purchases the good and the PIN of the tag
is transmitted to the consumer’s MARP. Some of the tag’s secret information is obtained by
the MARP through authentication using the tag’s PIN. The consumer registers the tag and changes the PIN
for keeping security. Any reader communicates with the MARP instead of
the tag using public key cryptosystem. If the good transferred to another user, the PIN
information of the good is sent to the new user. The new user will register the tag and change the PIN.
Analysis of MARP
Traceability Only authenticated readers and tags can join
the communication A tag uses keyed hash function with different
random number in every session (indistinguishable to attackers)
Information leakage MARP use public-key system to encrypt data
Impersonation MARP only has parts of tag’s information The server authenticates the tag before
communication
Another Privacy Protection Scheme for Mobile RFID Introduced by Kim, Choi, Lee in 2007. Reader is embedded in a mobile device
carried by the user Uses only Hash function and random
number No public key encryption No use of additional proxy device
This scheme has three phases: Identification phase Initial setup Privacy protection phase
Another Privacy Protection Scheme for Mobile RFID (contd.) Identification Phase
Mobile reader obtains a certificate Cj from the local server
Mobile reader sends a query to the tag along with the certificate
The tag sends NID=IDTi hKTi(Cj) to reader and reader sends NID to the server
The server checks whether Cj is valid and sends tag data to the reader.
Initial Setup Phase Reader receives a key K from the server This key is used to protect privacy
Another Privacy Protection Scheme for Mobile RFID (contd.) Privacy Protection Phase
The mobile reader generates a random number RRi and sends it to the tag
The tag generates another random number RTi and sends PID=IDTi RTi and KID=hKTi(RRi) RTi to the reader
The reader computes RTi = KID hKj(RRi) and IDTi=PID RTi and sends IDTi to the server
The server sends the tag data to the reader.
Analysis
Information leakage The tag uses a random number and hash
function to send information to the reader It is almost impossible for the adversary to
predict the random number Traceability
The reader cannot distinguish between the outputs of the tags around it if it does not have the correct key and random number
Impersonation The tag refreshes its random number in each
session.
Comparison of the two methods
l : the output size of a hash function operation or length a key or ID
H : the cost of a hash function operation
X : the cost of a exclusive-OR operation
E : the cost of an encryption operation
D : the cost of a decryption operation
V : the cost of verifying signature operation
S : the cost of a signature operation
M : the number of tags in an identifying area of MARP
N : the number of keys holding mobile reader
− : none
Our Idea
Instead of arbitrarily generating the random number the tag should use a function of its hardware ID (HID) and time(t) to generate the random number (RTi)
RTi = f(HIDtag,t) Only the legitimate readers will have the
HIDtag. The reader can authenticate the tag.
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