Copyright © 201
Pre-research of Breadfruit
(Parkinson) Fosberg
Maitara Island Based on Morphology
SuparmanBiology Department,
*Corresponding Author's Email:
Abstract – Artocarpus altilis (Parkinson)
Moraceae family and it is well known in Indonesia
popular as breadfruit. The plant is estimated as a native
plant of Southeast Asia between Moluccas and Philippines
Herein we conducted and combined morphological character
of breadfruit from Ternate Island and Maitara
Moluccas archipelago. The most important objective is to
make relationship among the population (in
breadfruit between both islands. Five population
and two in Maitara were taken as material source
morphological was done for scoring in binary data i.e. 1 for
present character and 0 for absent. It was continued with
similarity index analysis and building a dendogram with
UPGMA method using NTsys 2.02i software
similar population are between Akebay and Kaulupa, with SI
is 0.75, and it was predictable because both
one Island, Maitara. In the other hand, the lowest SI is
i.e. between Kaulupa (Maitara) and Sasa
dendrogram from UPGMA method had divided seven
populations into two groups that is Maitara group and
Ternate group.
Keywords – Sukun, Artocarpus altilis (Parkinson
Ternate, Maitara.
I. INTRODUCTION
Sukun or breadfruit is named as
(Parkinson) Fosberg 1941 [1] and it
Moraceae family. It is estimated as native plant in South
East Asia, about some island in Moluc
specifically unknown place [2]. The wild breadfruit with
seeds is its ancestral, it is origin from New Guinea and it
indicated come from Moluccas archipelago. The plant was
distributed by human migration about 3000 years ago
especially around Pacific archipelago [2]
map of breadfruit is showed on picture 1.
Breadfruit is very common in Indonesia;
as native plant in South East Asia to the Polynesia.
pacific archipelago (especially in Hawa
scientist have cultivated it widely and produce
varieties product from it. They also buil
for breadfruit in National Tropical Botanical Garden
Tropical Plant Research - the breadfruit institute.
they had collected at least about 150 variet
(NTBG, 2013).
Breadfruit is future plant for security food
alternative crop because of its yield and nutrition. It has
25% carbohydrate, protein 1.5 % and 0.
weight [3]. As crop, breadfruit has wider environment
adaptation than rice [4].
Copyright © 2015 IJAIR, All right reserved
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International Journal of Agriculture Innovations and Research
Volume 3, Issue 5, ISSN (Online) 2319
research of Breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis
sberg) Phylogeny between Ternate and
Maitara Island Based on Morphology
Suparman*, Zulkifli Ahmad, Nurhasanah
Biology Department, Khairun University, Ternate. INDONESIA
Corresponding Author's Email: [email protected]
(Parkinson) Fosberg belongs to
Moraceae family and it is well known in Indonesia, it is also
is estimated as a native
between Moluccas and Philippines.
combined morphological character
sland and Maitara Island in
The most important objective is to
population (infra-species) of
Five populations in Ternate
material source. Then,
morphological was done for scoring in binary data i.e. 1 for
. It was continued with
similarity index analysis and building a dendogram with
2i software. The most
kebay and Kaulupa, with SI
and it was predictable because both of them are in
one Island, Maitara. In the other hand, the lowest SI is 0.43
Sasa (Ternate). The
ogram from UPGMA method had divided seven
that is Maitara group and
Parkinson) Fosberg,
NTRODUCTION
is named as Artocarpus altilis
and it is a member of
Moraceae family. It is estimated as native plant in South
ccas-Indonesia but
The wild breadfruit with
l, it is origin from New Guinea and it is
archipelago. The plant was
distributed by human migration about 3000 years ago
[2]. The distribution
on picture 1.
Indonesia; it is estimated
Asia to the Polynesia. In
awaii, USA), lot of
cultivated it widely and produced lot of
product from it. They also built research centre
National Tropical Botanical Garden -
fruit institute. In 2013,
they had collected at least about 150 varieties of breadfruit
uture plant for security food and
alternative crop because of its yield and nutrition. It has
% and 0.3 % lipid of its
has wider environment
The recent publication [5
contains high complex carbohydrates, low in fat, and
cholesterol and gluten free. Compared to white potato,
white rice, white, bread and taro, i
glycmic index (blood sugar sho
Planting process, harvest, and product
breadfruit is easier than rice. Therefore
appropriate as alternative crop in Indonesia in
of Acceleration and Expansion of Indonesia
Development (MP3EI) 2011-2025
agricultural focus in Papua-Kepulauan Maluku Economic
Corridor. The plant is also official
international attachment of “Treaty on Genetic Resource
for Food and Agriculture” and it contributed in global
rescue for food security and novel food
been chosen as one of some species in
Rehabilitation National Movement
Although it is very important for human in food
security, some information about breadfruit spreading,
phylogenetic, distribution route, and product in North
Moluccas are very low. Then a research whereas focus on
location map, phylogenetic, and
are necessary for conducting
particularly in Ternate and Maitara Island
located on the east of Webber line, and have lot of specific
tropic vegetations include from family
Artocarpus.
It is because of lacking information
the plant, and its variety in North Moluccas, so trac
the origin and spreading some plant
Furthermore, phylogenetic analysis in plant is necessary
to be done and it can be started by the easiest method i.e.
using morphological analysis. In this paper we conducted
a simple phylogenetic analysis about breadfruit in Ternate
and Maitara Island based on morphology i.e. leaf, flower,
fruit, and stem.
II. MATERIALS A
Materials All the samples are taken from two islands that are
Ternate and Maitara in North Moluccas Archipelago.
populations of them represent of Ternate
other hand, two populations of breadfruit are
Maitara.
The population of breadfruit
table 1.
Manuscript Processing Details (dd/mm/yyyy) :
Received : 08/04/2015 | Accepted on : 13/04
Agriculture Innovations and Research
, ISSN (Online) 2319-1473
Artocarpus altilis
etween Ternate and
Maitara Island Based on Morphology
[5] reveals that breadfruit
ins high complex carbohydrates, low in fat, and
Compared to white potato,
white rice, white, bread and taro, it has a moderate
hock).
, and product processing of
Therefore, the plant is very
lternative crop in Indonesia in master plan
xpansion of Indonesia Economic
2025 especially in food and
Kepulauan Maluku Economic
The plant is also officially stamped in
Treaty on Genetic Resource
and it contributed in global
rescue for food security and novel food [6]. It also has
been chosen as one of some species in Forest and Land
ovement [7].
s very important for human in food
security, some information about breadfruit spreading,
ute, and product in North
Moluccas are very low. Then a research whereas focus on
location map, phylogenetic, and potentiality of its product
are necessary for conducting in North Moluccas
particularly in Ternate and Maitara Island. Thus island are
located on the east of Webber line, and have lot of specific
tropic vegetations include from family Moraceae, genus
ecause of lacking information about relationship in
and its variety in North Moluccas, so tracking
the origin and spreading some plants are difficult.
Furthermore, phylogenetic analysis in plant is necessary
to be done and it can be started by the easiest method i.e.
using morphological analysis. In this paper we conducted
alysis about breadfruit in Ternate
and Maitara Island based on morphology i.e. leaf, flower,
AND METHOD
e taken from two islands that are
Moluccas Archipelago. Five
represent of Ternate Island. In the
other hand, two populations of breadfruit are from
of breadfruit as samples can be red on
Manuscript Processing Details (dd/mm/yyyy) :
4/2015 | Published : 20/04/2015
Copyright © 201
Table 1: Breadfruit Populations and Island
taken
No. Population Island
1. Takome Ternate
2. Tarau Ternate
3. Sasa Ternate
4. Ngade Ternate
5. Kulaba Ternate
6. Akebay Maitara
7. Kaulupa Maitara
Picture 1: Map of distributing and spreading of Breadfruit. It is estimated as native to Southeast Asia. The spreading is
from somewhere around North Moluccas and Philippine [2]
Picture 2: Location of Ternate Island and Maitara Island (Map data @2014 Tele atlas).
a. Map of Indonesia (East part of Indonesia)
Copyright © 2015 IJAIR, All right reserved
1518
International Journal of Agriculture Innovations and Research
Volume 3, Issue 5, ISSN (Online) 2319
and Island where it was
Island
Ternate
Ternate
Ternate
Ternate
Ternate
Maitara
Maitara
Method The first morphology data was taken from every single
sample represents single populatio
into binary data as 1 and 0; one was written if the sample
had that character and zero it had not. Then, all data were
analyzed to know the similarity index between two
populations. The formula referenc
Whereas SI: similarity index, C
is present in booth population
present in sample A, and B is character that is present in
sample B.
Map of distributing and spreading of Breadfruit. It is estimated as native to Southeast Asia. The spreading is
from somewhere around North Moluccas and Philippine [2]
: Location of Ternate Island and Maitara Island (Map data @2014 Tele atlas).
a. Map of Indonesia (East part of Indonesia) b. Halmahera Island and another island in North Moluccas.
c. Map of Ternate and Maitara
Agriculture Innovations and Research
, ISSN (Online) 2319-1473
data was taken from every single
single population. The data were input
one was written if the sample
had not. Then, all data were
analyzed to know the similarity index between two
rence to Sorenson:
C is amount of character that
present in booth population, A is character that is
and B is character that is present in
Map of distributing and spreading of Breadfruit. It is estimated as native to Southeast Asia. The spreading is
: Location of Ternate Island and Maitara Island (Map data @2014 Tele atlas).
b. Halmahera Island and another island in North Moluccas.
Copyright © 201
Population codes or names were used for Operational
Taxonomic Unit (OTU’s) in making dendogram o
phylogenetic. Dendogram constructing was made based on
phenetic method that called Un-weighted Pair Group
Method using Arithmetic average, UPGMA [8]. The
process of analysing and making dendogram used NTsys
2.02i software [9]. The phonetic method is an a
based on similarity for describing relationship in living
organism. The assumption is two or more organism that
had high SI, it is also had had high relationship [10].
Table 2: Matrix of Similarity Index among OTUs based on Sorenson formula in Ternate and Maitara Island
Takome
Tarau 0.5625000
Sasa 0.5312500
Ngade 0.5000000
Kulaba 0.5312500
Akebay-Mtr 0.6562500
Kaulupa 0.7187500
From the table, it can be seen clearly that the lowest
Similarity index is between Akebay-Maitara and Tarau
Ternate with SI is only 0.406. SI value for all population
in average is 0.592. It is high SI, yet it is really different
for infra-species. For varieties, the value (0.592) is low
because similarity for variety more than 75%. In this case,
the different between OTU’s is lower because morp
were used are tentative.
Dendogram of construction of Ternate and MaitaraResult of dendogram construction is showed on picture
one. The population are divided into two main group
first group is Maitara group and consist of Takome,
Akebay, and Kaulupa. Maitara population dominates the
Picture 3: Phylogeny of breadfruit population in Ternate and Maitara base on morphology.
UPGMA method
Copyright © 2015 IJAIR, All right reserved
1519
International Journal of Agriculture Innovations and Research
Volume 3, Issue 5, ISSN (Online) 2319
Population codes or names were used for Operational
Taxonomic Unit (OTU’s) in making dendogram of
phylogenetic. Dendogram constructing was made based on
weighted Pair Group
, UPGMA [8]. The
process of analysing and making dendogram used NTsys
2.02i software [9]. The phonetic method is an approach
based on similarity for describing relationship in living
organism. The assumption is two or more organism that
had high SI, it is also had had high relationship [10].
III. RESULT AND
Similarity index (SI) Similarity Index of Sorenson among
obtained from calculation of morphological data. T
values are showed on table 2. Two OTU’s
are Akebay and Kaulupa, both of them are in Maitara
Island and the SI is 0.75. It can be assumed that Akebay
and Kaulupa have higher relationship compared other
OTUs.
of Similarity Index among OTUs based on Sorenson formula in Ternate and Maitara Island
Tarau Sasa Ngade Kulaba
* * * *
0.6562500 * * *
0.6250000 0.7187500 * *
0.6562500 0.6875000 0.5937500 *
0.4062500 0.5000000 0.5937500 0.5625000
0.6562500 0.4375000 0.5312500 0.5625000
can be seen clearly that the lowest
Maitara and Tarau-
value for all population
in average is 0.592. It is high SI, yet it is really different
species. For varieties, the value (0.592) is low
because similarity for variety more than 75%. In this case,
the different between OTU’s is lower because morphology
Dendogram of construction of Ternate and Maitara Result of dendogram construction is showed on picture
d into two main groups. The
consist of Takome,
Maitara population dominates the
group. Second group is Ternate group and
Tarau, Kulaba, Sasa and Ngade. All member of this group
are from Ternate population. It means all population make
a group with the population from
Similarity index between breadfruit from Akebay
and Kaulupa is very high and
Akebay is very similar to Kaulupa sample
phylogenetic relationship than other.
In phylogenetic analysis, there are two
i.e. phenetic, the approach based on similarity
morphology and second is cladisitic, the approach based
on evolutionary and character of
of them are valid approach in analysis and acceptable
Phylogeny of breadfruit population in Ternate and Maitara base on morphology. Dendogram was designed
UPGMA method using NTsys 2.02i programme.
Agriculture Innovations and Research
, ISSN (Online) 2319-1473
ND DISCUSSION
Similarity Index of Sorenson among OTU’s was
obtained from calculation of morphological data. The
. Two OTU’s of highest SI
both of them are in Maitara
It can be assumed that Akebay
relationship compared other
of Similarity Index among OTUs based on Sorenson formula in Ternate and Maitara Island
Kulaba Akebay-Mtr
*
*
*
*
0.5625000 *
0.5625000 0.7500000
is Ternate group and consist of
Ngade. All member of this group
from Ternate population. It means all population make
population from same island.
between breadfruit from Akebay-Mtr
and it assumes that sample of
aulupa sample or have closer
than other.
analysis, there are two kind approach
, the approach based on similarity of
and second is cladisitic, the approach based
character of homology [10],[11]. Both
of them are valid approach in analysis and acceptable.
Dendogram was designed by
Copyright © 201
Based on phylo-geography in picture 4
assumptions. The first is that Ternate and Maitara
different ancestor. Those polyphyletic characters are
specifically showed on dendogram in picture 4. A
member of Ternate group is in Ternate and
inheritance from one ancestor. This condition is slightly
different from Maitara group. In second group, the
members are not only Maitara populations but a
Ternate. Special for Takoma population, it is about the
same with Maitara population and the similarity index
between Takome and Maitara populations
higher compare to Takome and Ternate population.
The topology of dendogram indicates human role
distributing breadfruit. The second assumption is that
the breadfruit in both islands had the same ancestor. It can
be assumed that the ancestor came from
brought by human being. That ancestor
Picture 4: Phylo
IV. CONCLUSION
The similarity index between breadfruit
Ternate and Maitara based on morphology is low. It means
the variety in species is high. The high
Akebay population and Kaulupa. It is acceptable
both are from one island and have lot of similarity and
relationship. In the other hand, the lowest index
Kaulupa (Maitara) and Sasa (Ternate). It
is from different island.
Dendogram topology describes two main G
are Maitara Group and Ternate Group.
Copyright © 2015 IJAIR, All right reserved
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International Journal of Agriculture Innovations and Research
Volume 3, Issue 5, ISSN (Online) 2319
in picture 4, there are two
Ternate and Maitara had
polyphyletic characters are
specifically showed on dendogram in picture 4. All the
in Ternate and it was
. This condition is slightly
In second group, the
populations but also
Special for Takoma population, it is about the
aitara population and the similarity index
nd Maitara populations is little bit
compare to Takome and Ternate population.
The topology of dendogram indicates human role in
he second assumption is that all
the same ancestor. It can
from Ternate and
brought by human being. That ancestor in Maitara is
divided into two by convergent
character. The first offspring bec
and the other became the ancestor of
The assumption is tentative and to reveal the true
evolution need more information about phylogeny ba
on DNA marker.
Maternal analysis with molecular method on breadfruit
is simpler than another plant because the plant is
spread by budding whereas it inheritance only from one
maternal. This analysis can also to trace the ancestor and
colonisation route of breadfruit in Maluku archipelago.
Other plant from Myrtaceae family i.e.
urophylla had been analyzed for
ancestor tracer around Indonesia archipelago
Advanced analyzed on that method is phylo
which is a science focus on geographic distribution of
organism in species level [13], [
4: Phylo-geography of breadfruit based on population origin.
breadfruit population in
Ternate and Maitara based on morphology is low. It means
hest index of all is
acceptable because
both are from one island and have lot of similarity and
other hand, the lowest index is between
Sasa (Ternate). It is clear because it
topology describes two main Groups that
In Maitara group,
there is one unusual population.
to Maitara Group instead of Ternate
complicated problem to determine the ancestor of the plant
from the islands.
REFERENCES
[1] Ragone, D. 2006. Artocarpus altilis
www.traditionaltree.org
[2] Zerega, N. J. C., Ragone, D.,
Origins of Breadfruit (A
Implications for Human Migrations in
Journal of Botany, 91(5): 760–
Agriculture Innovations and Research
, ISSN (Online) 2319-1473
convergent evolution and change the
character. The first offspring became Takome breadfruit
ancestor of Maitara breadfruit.
The assumption is tentative and to reveal the true
evolution need more information about phylogeny based
Maternal analysis with molecular method on breadfruit
is simpler than another plant because the plant is generally
spread by budding whereas it inheritance only from one
maternal. This analysis can also to trace the ancestor and
colonisation route of breadfruit in Maluku archipelago.
Other plant from Myrtaceae family i.e. Eucalyptus
had been analyzed for colonisation route and
around Indonesia archipelago [12].
Advanced analyzed on that method is phylo-geography,
is a science focus on geographic distribution of
, [14].
geography of breadfruit based on population origin.
. Takome Population joined
Ternate. In generally, it is still
ated problem to determine the ancestor of the plant
EFERENCES
Artocarpus altilis (breadfruit).
D., and Motley, T. J. 2004. Complex
Artocarpus altilis, Moraceae):
igrations in Oceania. American
–766.
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[3] Hendri, Marlina, L., and Liferdi. 2010. Diversifikasi
Gizi dengan Alpukat, Pisang dan Sukun
program dan strategi pengembangan buah nusantara
[4] Effendie, K. 2011. Lokakarya Sukun Nasional
Tanaman Buah. Solok.
[5] Ragone, D.2014. Breadfruit Nutritional Value and Versatility
Breadfruit Institute of the National Tropical Botanical
and Hawai‘i Homegrown Food Network. Hawaii
[6] Jones, A.M.P., Ragone, D., Tavana, N.G.
Murch, S.J. 2011. Beyond the Bounty: Breadfruit (
altilis) for food security and novel foods in the 21st Century
Etnobotany, www.ethnobotanyjournal.org/vol9/i1547
129.pdf
[7] Hendalastuti, H., and Rojidin, A., 2006. Karakteristik Budidaya
dan Pengolahan Buah Sukun : Studi Kasus
Kampar. Prosiding Seminar Hasil, Litbang
220-232.
[8] Xiong, J. 2006. Essential Bioinformatics. Cambridge University
Press: New York.
[9] Rohlf, F.J. 2000. NTSYSpc: Numerical Taxonomy and
Multivariate Analysis System, version 2
Ecology and Evolution, State University of New
[10] Heywood, V., H., and Mcneil, J., 1964. Phenetic and
Phylogenetic classification. Nature, 203.
Group.
[11] Lipscomb, Diana. 1998. Basic of Cladistic Analysis
Washington, George Washington University.
[12] Payn, K..G., Dvorak, W.S., dan Myburg, A. A. 2007.
Chloroplast DNA phylogeography reveals the island colonisation
route of Eucalyptus urophylla (Myrtaceae).
Botany. 55 : 673–683. www.publish.csiro.au/
[13] Avise, J.C. 1998. The hysory and perview of phylogeografi. : a
personal reflection. Molecular ecology, 7, 371
[14] ________. 2009. Phylogeography: retrospect and prospect
Journal of Biogeography (J. Biogeogr), 36
AUTHOR’S PROFILE
Suparman. Lecturer and researcher in Biology Department of Khairun University
Indonesia. Some of his research concern in plant and animal Phylogeny;
biodiversity and education method.
Zulkifli Ahmad. Lecturer and researcher in Biology Department of Khairun University
Indonesia. His research most in Physiology and entomology
Nurhasanah. Lecturer and researcher in Biology Department of Khairun University
Indonesia. Her research most concern in microbiol
Copyright © 2015 IJAIR, All right reserved
1521
International Journal of Agriculture Innovations and Research
Volume 3, Issue 5, ISSN (Online) 2319
iversifikasi Pangan dan
ukun. Seminar nasional
strategi pengembangan buah nusantara. Solok.
Lokakarya Sukun Nasional. Balai Penelitian
Breadfruit Nutritional Value and Versatility.
Breadfruit Institute of the National Tropical Botanical Garden.
and Hawai‘i Homegrown Food Network. Hawaii
N.G., Bernotas, D.W., dan
Breadfruit (Artocarpus
foods in the 21st Century.
www.ethnobotanyjournal.org/vol9/i1547-3465-09-
Karakteristik Budidaya
Studi Kasus di Solok dan
itbang Hasil Hutan 2006 :
. Cambridge University
NTSYSpc: Numerical Taxonomy and
version 2.1. Department of
Ecology and Evolution, State University of New York.
Heywood, V., H., and Mcneil, J., 1964. Phenetic and
, 203. Nature Publishing
Basic of Cladistic Analysis.
Washington, George Washington University.
Myburg, A. A. 2007.
reveals the island colonisation
route of Eucalyptus urophylla (Myrtaceae). Australian Journal of
www.publish.csiro.au/journals/ajb.
. 1998. The hysory and perview of phylogeografi. : a
, 7, 371-379.
Phylogeography: retrospect and prospect.
36, 3–15.
Lecturer and researcher in Biology Department of Khairun University
Indonesia. Some of his research concern in plant and animal Phylogeny;
Lecturer and researcher in Biology Department of Khairun University
His research most in Physiology and entomology
Lecturer and researcher in Biology Department of Khairun University
Her research most concern in microbiology and biodiversity.
Agriculture Innovations and Research
, ISSN (Online) 2319-1473
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