O. Schneider1x, E. Schram1, M. Poelman1, Ep Eding4
A. Rothuis2, A. van Duijn3, H. van der Mheen1
Practices in managing finfish aquaculture using
RAS technologies, the Dutch example
1 IMARES Wageningen UR, Korringaweg 5, 4401 NT Yerseke 2 Ministry of Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality, P.O.Box 20401, 2500EK Den Haag
3 LEI Wageningen UR, Alexanderveld 5, 2585 DB, Den Haag4 Wageningen Univeristy, Mariejkeweg 40, Wageningen
IMARES
Outline
Dutch aquaculture sector
Sustainability
Pitfalls, Challenges & Opportunities
Conclusions
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Dutch aquaculture sector
Courtesy Fleuren & Nooijen BV, Someren, The Netherlands
Lamella sedimentation unit
Trickling filter
Fish tanks
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Dutch aquaculture sector
0
50,000
100,000
150,000
Fish Shellfish
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After Kamstra, 1998. Wegwijzer in de paling teelt.
RAS – technical concept
FISH TREATMENT
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Society
Gene/ MoleculeGene/ Molecule
Products
Planet
Policy & limiting conditions
institutions
technologies
peopleprofitplanet
The Wageningen approach to Sustainability: biological & social
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Society
Gene/ MoleculeGene/ Molecule
Products
Planet
Policy & limiting conditions
institutions
technologies
peopleprofitplanet
The Wageningen approach to Sustainability: biological & social
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RAS - the Dutch context (production 1000MT)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6 2004
2007
2009
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Sustainability – Economy (no of farms)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
2004
2007
2009
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Sustainability – Economy (e.g. turbot)
13%
20%
25%
13%
12%
17%
Fingerling
Feed
Others
Labour
Investment
Capital
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0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
40000
Flow though RAS & drum filter & septic
tank *
RAS & drumfilter &
flocculation **
€14,411
€1,946 €527
€36,234
€10,625
€247
Sustainability – Economy meets Ecology
*Based on Kamstra & vd. Heul, 1999, ** based on Ebeling et al., 2005
Cost of waste discharge (/100 ton catfish production in Hungary (green) & The Netherlands (yellow) in 2006
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Society
Gene/ MoleculeGene/ Molecule
Products
Planet
Policy & limiting conditions
institutions
technologies
peopleprofitplanet
The Wageningen approach to Sustainability: biological & social
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Sustainability – Ecology (water use)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Pigs: (farrow-finish)
Eggs Milk (per liter)
Pellet-fed pond
RAS –Clarias
RAS – Eel RAS –Turbot
m³/kg fresh weight
Verdegem et al
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Sustainability – Ecology (feed/waste manipulation)
Faeces from modified dietFaeces from basal diet
Courtesy Brinker et al 2010
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1.
3.Sludge flowSewer
2.
1.
Sustainability – Ecology (waste treatment)
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Society
Gene/ MoleculeGene/ Molecule
Products
Planet
Policy & limiting conditions
institutions
technologies
peopleprofitplanet
The Wageningen approach to Sustainability: biological & social
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Feed System
Waste Transport
Foot-print
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0200400600800
100012001400160018002000
g C
O2 /
kg f
ish
RAS Pond
Sustainability – Ecology (CO2 Foot print & LCA)
RAS: 3.8 CO2 per kg fishPond 5.0 kg CO2 per kg fish
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Society
Gene/ MoleculeGene/ Molecule
Products
Planet
Policy & limiting conditions
institutions
technologies
peopleprofitplanet
The Wageningen approach to Sustainability: biological & social
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Sustainability – Social & Governance
Society
Natural resources (fish meal & oil, seeds, water, energy, food miles)
Welfare (husbandry, transport, slaughter)
Stichting Milleukeur, Global GAP, ASC
Self organization (NeVeVI, NGVA, Future for eel)
National Governance
Rules & Frameworks
Financial stimulation based on sustainability indicators
European Governance & Strategy
Water directive
Veterinary directive
Exotic species directive
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Pitfalls, Challenges & Opportunities
• ~30 years, no substantial market
African catfish
• no market, 1st placement inferior quality
Barramundi
• limited market, too high cost price
Happy Shrimp
• not competitive
Tilapia
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Pitfalls, Challenges & Opportunities
• Pangasius, Tilapia, Cod, Turbot, Flounder
• Supermarkets (sustainability & product safety & quality)
• Cost price
Profit
• Resource use
• Waste management
Planet
• Eel
• Reproduction & sustainability dialogue
• (Marine) Waste management
• Certifications (GlobalGAP, Aquaculture Stewardship Council)
People
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Pitfalls, Challenges & Opportunities
• African catfish Consolidation
• Claresse new market
• Eel dialogue & assessment
• Sturgeon Caviar less fisheries & illegal practices
• Sole product replacement
• Yellowtail kingfish product replacement
• Worm pond culture
Species driven
• Zeeland Sole extensive IMTA on land
• Shrimps Biofloc systems
• Urban RAS
• RAS export (e.g. to Norway, Africa, South America & Asia)
System driven
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Conclusions
Dutch aquaculture sector = innovative
Well structured governance framework
Stakeholders dialogues & several umbrella organisations
Instruments in place to develop sustainable sector animal welfare, nutrient emissions, new species, drug use & others
Some pitfalls & issues, but as well several opportunities
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Dutch Seafood for the future?
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