Powering Big Data and the IoT’s…
…a great challenge and an even greater
opportunity for materials efficiency using low cost
perovskite solar cells
Reinhold H. Dauskardt ([email protected])
…by 2020, it is expected
that more than 28 billion
IoT devices will be in
operation...
Prepare for a Connected World where Everything
Computes…
Internet of Content
(Distribution/Access)• Email
• Information
• Entertainment
Internet of Service
(Participation/Trade)• E-commerce
• Productivity tools
• Integrated chains
Internet of People
(Collaboration/Share)• Voice and video collaboration
• Social media and docs
• Web logs/boards
Internet of Things
(Integration/Control)• Indexing and tracking
• Control and connectivity
• Autonomous operations
https://www.hpe.com
• Smart devices create opportunities to gain faster insights by connecting the
unconnected
• New ways to - conduct material discovery and drive materials efficiency
- develop new business with greater insights
- learn about the environment and enable sustainability
- enable developing nations and their citizens
Energy Is A Big And Rapidly Growing Problem
For Big Data and the IoTs
• U.S. data centers use more than 90 billion kilowatt-hours of electricity a year,
requiring roughly 34 giant (500-megawatt) coal-powered plants.
• Global data centers used roughly 416 terawatts (4.16 x 1014 watts) (or about
3% of the total electricity) last year, nearly 40% more than the entire United
Kingdom.
• Consumption will double every four years…
Reported by Danilak, Forbes, Dec 2017.
• Billions of Machine-to-Machine devices in use today and an ever-increasing
number of connected devices using low-power, low-throughput networks.
• Billions of additional point-of-use devices, from personal electronics, smart
sensors for home and urban centers, traffic sensors and parking meters, and
even technologically connected ecosystems, …
Energy Is A Big And Rapidly Growing Problem
For Big Data and the IoTs
solar-powered
parking meters
generated
>$230,000 for
Los Angeles
sensors under forest
canopy for real-time
forest monitoring
(Perlis, northern most
state of Malaysia)
2016 IEEE Student Conf Res Dev
Energy Is A Big And Rapidly Growing Problem
For Big Data and the IoTs
2016 IEEE Student Conf Res Dev
• Comprehensive solution to the challenge of powering the IoT’s:
• design of ultra-low power embedded hardware platforms
• intelligent system-level power management
• make devices self-powered by harvesting energy from their operating
environment
local energy harvesting
is key, from
thermoelectric,
electrodynamic,
vibration and motion,
and from solar…
…but low cost is an
equally important
driver…
https://www.ossila.com/pages/perovskite-pv-materials
Metal Halide Perovskites – Next Generation Solar Cells• tunable bandgap 1.2 – 2.3 eV and excellent efficiency
• strong optical absorption (~1000x thinner than silicon) – much greater materials efficiency
• tolerance to defects and grain boundaries
• solution processable with scalable-manufacturing – make much cheaper
Challenge• Stability and reliability
…need new concepts
in solar module
processing and design
perovskites
so we can use longer
Sunshine is Plentiful and Inexhaustible
Perovskite Device Architectures Studied
PEDOT:PSS
ZnO
CH3NH3PbI3
ITO-Glass
Al
PCBM / MPMIC60
cTiO2
CH3NH3Pb(I1-xBrx)3
FTO-Glass
Au
mTiO2/CH3NH3PbI3
Spiro-OMeTAD
cTiO2
CH3NH3Pb(I1-xBrx)3
FTO-Glass
Au
mTiO2/CH3NH3PbI3
PTAA
PEDOT:PSS
CH3NH3PbI3-xClx
ITO-Glass
Al
PCBM
Ag
P3HT
ZnO
CH3NH3PbI3
ITO-PET
Ag
P3HT
ZnO
CH3NH3PbI3
ITO-GlasscTiO2
CH3NH3Pb(I1-xBrx)3
ITO-Glass
Ag
C60
Spiro-OMeTAD
Planar,
Large Grain
Perovskite
Acetate
Perovskite
(inverted)
Mesoporous
Perovskite w/
PTAA
Mesoporous
Perovskite w/
Spiro
Planar,
Slot-Die
Perovskite
Planar, Roll-
to-Roll
Perovskite
Acetate
Perovskite
(regular)
Spin withair flow
AirSpin withtoluene drip
toluene
Slot-Die
N2Roll-to-Roll
Hot-casting
Precursor MAI/PbAcO2 in DMF MAI/PbI2 in GBL/DMSO PbI2 in DMF and MAI in 2-propanol MACl/PbI2 in DMF
Delivery Spin coated with
compressed dry air flow
2-step spin coating process in N2 with
toluene drop-casted during second step
Sequential slot-die coating in air of PbI2and MAI heated at 70°C
Substrate heated
before spin coating
Post-
deposition
Annealed in dry air at 100°C
for 5 min
Annealed in nitrogen at 100°C for 10 min N2 gas quench None Cooled on glass
0.1
1
10
100
1,000
Fra
ctu
re E
nerg
y, G
c(J
/m2)
Dense SiO2
TEOS
SiO2ULK
dielectrics
Gc ~ 5 J/m2
Gc ~ 10 J/m2
Organics and OPV
CIGS
CuInxGa(1-x)Se2
Mo
CdS
Al doped ZnO
Al foil
Perovskites
Fundamental Challenge for Stability and Reliability
Silicon
PVPolymers for
Packaging
Encapsulation
Structural Materials
Protective
Coatings
Human
Skin (SC)
Rolston, et al., Extreme Mechanics Letters, 2016.
Rolston, et. al. Advanced Energy Materials, 2017.
Hilt, Hovish, Rolston, Dauskardt, E&ES, 2018.
Rapid Spray Plasma Processing (RSPP) of Perovskites
low-cost and scalable open-air
processing with compressed air
perovskites with improved
optoelectronic properties and stability
RSPP Spin-coated
Glass
ITO
MAPbI3PEDOT:PSS
C60/BCP
400 600 800 1000 12000,00
0,25
0,50
0,75
1,00
No
rma
lize
d a
bso
rba
nce
(a
.u.)
Wavelength, (nm)
RSPP
Spin-coated
RSPP Produces Highly Efficient Devices
MAPbI3
Glass
ITO
0
2
4
6
Fra
ctu
re E
nerg
y, G
c(J
/m2)
spin coated hot-cast* RSPP
superior mechanical
stability and fracture
resistance…
0.43 J·m-2
4.4 J·m-2
Hilt, Hovish, Rolston, Dauskardt, E&ES, 2018.
15.4% Efficiency15.7% Efficiency
1”
Perovskite
Solar Cell
Air Air
Plasma Deposition of Silica Barriers
Moisture Stability
ControlSiO2
HMDSO
TFT
Barrier film
MAPbI3
AuPTAA
C60/TiO2
ITO
0 1000 2000 30000.0
0.5
1.0N
orm
aliz
ed
PCE
Exposure time (hr)
85°C, 25% RH
degraded
perovskite
control
intact
perovskite
25% TFT
Rolston, et.al. J. Mat. Chemistry A, 2017.
A Scaffold Concept for Reliability and Efficiency
ITO-substrate
C60
compact TiO2
Perovskite
m-cell
PTAA-X
electrode
Sca
ffo
ld
Sca
ffo
ld
Encapsulant
Reflective Electrode
Transparent Electrode
Scaffold
Sequential Scaffold Filling
A Scaffold Concept for Reliability and Efficiency
laser beam induced current
0.00 0.15 0.30 0.45 0.60 0.75 0.90 1.05
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
Cu
rren
t D
ensity (m
A c
m-2
)
Voltage (V)
planar
50 µm
100 µm
scaffold wall width
300 400 500 600 700 8000.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
EQ
E
Wavelength, (nm)
200 µm
planar
50 µm
100 µm
200 µm
17.9 mA
14.3 mA
12.1 mA
6.9 mA
Micro-Lens Array Design and Scaffold Fabrication
lens arrays designed with optical modeling
lens array used to fabricate solar cells…fully self-aligning
Micro-Lens Array Design and Scaffold Fabricationwithout lenses with lenses
mm
mm
mm
mm
Micro-Lens Array Design and Scaffold Fabrication
Passive tracking by lenses for increased diurnal power efficiency…
Angle of incidence: 0° 15° 30° 45° 60°
0 5 10 15 200
5
10
15
20 Planar OPV
Fra
ctu
re E
ne
rgy, G
c (
J m
-2)
Efficiency, PCE (%)
Planar Perovskite
Scaffold-Partitioned Perovskite
lens arrayc-Si/CIGS modules
Conclusions…
• Big data has enormous potential to revolutionize
materials discovery and efficiencies…
…but, energy is a big and rapidly growing challenge
for big data and the IoTs
• Make IoT devices self-powered by harvesting
energy from their operating environment
• Sunshine is a plentiful and inexhaustible energy supply
• Perovskite solar cells are one of the most promising low-cost and efficient
solar PV materials with significant potential for improved materials
efficiency, but stability and reliability must be addressed
• New concepts in perovskite scalable spray-plasma processing and module
design concepts for reliable solar PV enable the use of significantly less
materials for longer
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