Post World War I
Nationalism Around the
World
Mexican Revolution
Porfirio Diaz ruled Mexico as a dictator for 35 years
Welcoming foreign investors, Mexico appeared to be growing in peace and economically, however only an elite few benefited
Most people lived in poverty working on haciendas
Francisco Madero, demanding free elections, lead a rebellion that forced the resignation of Diaz in 1911
Revolution Leads to Change President Carranza approved a new constitution (still used today) in 1917 that addressed land, religion, and labor.
Carranza was overthrown in 1920, and the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) took control of government in 1929 and accommodated many groups in society (business, military, peasants, and workers)
Under the PRI Mexico’s government stabilized and many positive reforms were made (land distribution, schools)
Nationalism at Work in Latin
America Mexico wanted to reclaim its oil fields from foreign investors
Economic- emphasis on home control of the economy
Political- Stronger authoritarian governments rose in Latin America amid the economic crisis
Cultural- pride in one’s own culture was reflected in mural paintings (Diego Rivera)
Good Neighbor Policy- US pledge to lessen its interference in the affairs of Latin American nations
Africa
Africa Resists Colonial Rule During WWI more that 1 million Africans fought on behalf of their colonials rulers, hoping their service would lead to more rights and opportunities.
As European countries wanted to maintain their profits from cash crops, many Africans were impoverished and living in famine as not enough food was being grown.
Instead the situation stayed the same or was worse
Opposing Imperialism
Many Western-educated Africans criticized the injustice of colonial rule, however most good jobs went to Europeans
As in other parts of the world, the ideas of socialism found growing audiences
Racial Segregation and
Nationalism in South Africa From 1910 to 1940 whites strengthened their grip on S.A., imposing a system of racial segregation (economic , political and social white supremacy)
1948- Apartheid (policy of rigid segregation) became a law
Nationalism and an Africa for
Africans Pan-Africanism- unity of Africans and people of African decent worldwide
“Africa for Africans”- Marcus Garvey
Pan-African Congress Forges Ties A. American scholar W.E.B. Dubois organized the Pan-African Congress in 1919
Delegates from US, African colonies, and the West Indies called on the Paris peacemakers to approve a charter of rights for Africans (demands ignored, but it established cooperation)
The Negritude Movement Shows
Pride French speaking writers in West Africa and the Caribbean expressed pride in their African roots and protested colonial rule- The Negritude Movement
Egypt Gains Independence
1922- after the war, riots, protests, and strikes forced Britain to grant Egypt their independence (GB still controlled the monarchy)
The Middle East
Turkey and Persia Modernizes
The Armenian Genocide
The first genocide of the 20th Century
The Ottoman Empire, 1914
Background of Armenia
Armenia was a part of the Ottoman Empire. While the empire was Muslim, Armenians remained Christians. They were tolerated, but did not experience full equality under Islamic law. In 1867, Sultan Abdul Hamid II, came to power and attempted to stop the many revolutions within his empire. He did this mainly by encouraging Muslim groups to settle in Armenian lands.
Armenian Background Cont…
This caused wide spread conflict and in 1894, Hamid falsely charged the Armenians for rebelling without authority. The Muslims, backed by the Ottoman Empire, were allowed to attack the Armenians. Over the course of the next 2 years, 200,000 Armenians died from attack and/or starvation.
The Young Turks
In 1908, a group of young intellectuals over threw the sultan-called The Young Turks. This new leadership sought to make the Ottoman Empire exclusively Turkish and Muslims.
In 1910, the Armenians were labeled enemies of Muslim Turkey (due to not fitting the above description)
The Genocide Begins In 1914, Turkey entered WWI. A military offensive against Russia ended in disaster and Turkey accused the Armenians of aiding Russia.
On April 24, 1915-Turkish authorities arrested and executed Armenian leaders in Constantinople. This date would be forever remembered as the beginning of the Armenian genocide.
The Genocide Continues…
In June 1915, the Armenian population was deported to the desserts of Syria and Iraq. Prior to deportation, all able-bodied males were shot.
25% of those that left Turkey would eventually arrive in Syria and Iraq. The majority of people were either murdered or died of thirst and starvation along the way.
The Genocide Ends In 1919, the Young Turks were put on trial for war crimes and were found guilty for the destruction of the Armenian people.
In 1923, a war hero Mustafa Ataturk came to power, formed the Republic of Turkey, and released all prisoners found guilty of war crimes (including the Young Turks).
The Future of the Armenians?
In the end, the Soviet Union carved out territory for the Armenians.
Over 1 million Armenians died during the genocide.
Today, the country of Turkey still formally denies that any premeditated genocide took place.
Ataturk Sets Goals
Mustafa Kemal overthrew the Ottoman sultan, defeated the Greeks (who claimed the lands after WWI), and declared Turkey a republic (Greeks leave Turkey, 1.3 million)
Kemal took the name Ataturk (“father of the Turks”)
Goal was to modernize Turkey along Western lines and separate religion from government
Westernization Transform Turkey
Government built railroads, factories, and hired westerners to advise on how to make Turkey economically independent
Ruled with an iron hand…many questioned his dictatorial powers and his rejection of religion in law
Nationalism and Reform at Work
in Persia Ataturks success inspired the neighboring Persians
Reza Khan overthrew the shah, and rushed to modernize Persia (factories, roads, railroads and strengthened the army)
Forced Persians to wear western clothes and set up modern secular schools
Persuaded the Brits to give Persian a larger share of the oil profits
Now recognized as Iran
Arab Nationalism in the Middle
East Oil became a major factor throughout the Middle East as gas powered vehicles in WWI showed that oil was the fuel of the future
Foreign companies began to move in the Middle East to exploit its large oil reserves
Pan-Arabism Grows
Nationalist movement built on the shared heritage of Arabs, living in lands from the Arabian Peninsula to to North America (Syria, Jordan, Iraq, Egypt, Algeria, and Morocco)
Sought to free Arabs from foreign domination and unite them in their own state
Betrayal at the Peace Conference Arabs believed their contribution to the Allies in WWI would give them independence after the war
Instead the Allies carved up the Ottoman lands, giving France and Britain mandates to many Arab nations
Arabs felt betrayed by the West, leading to protests and revolts against Western Imperialism
Center of turmoil was the British mandate of Palestine
Promises in Palestine During WWI the Allies made two conflicting promises to the Arabs
1-Promised Arabs their own kingdoms in the former Ottoman lands, including Palestine
2-Balfour Declaration (attempting to win support of European Jews) advocating the idea of setting up a “national home for the Jewish people” in Palestine
A Bitter Struggle Begins 1919-1940- thousands of Jews migrated to Palestine due to the Zionist movement and anti-Semitism in Europe
Jews worked to modernize and also established farming communities
Some Arabs welcomed the new money, however tensions between the two groups rose
Even today, the two groups fight for control over the land that the Jews call Israel and the Arabs call Palestine
Nationalism
India After WWII
Self-Determination
Means to allow people, nations, countries to decide
what government they want and how they want to
be ruled.
This was a challenge to the colonial system.
Countries like Britain did not want self
determination after World War One because it
meant that they would have to give up rule in places
like India.
World War One During World War One
about 1 million Indians
fought for Britain.
Britain had promised
India self rule after the
war however Britain
failed to keep their
promise.
Indian Nationalism India had wanted
independence since the
mid-1800’s.
Indians wanted both
democracy and
nationalism.
Well educated Indians
began to bring back
these ideas from Europe.
National Movements Indian National Congress 1885
A Hindu group wanted Hindu representation in government.
Well educated
Wanted a democratic India
Muslim League 1906 Muslim educated class wanted representation in government
Based their ideas of democracy on the ideals of the Enlightenment.
While both groups were very different and disliked each other they both wanted a democratic representative government.
Rowlatt Act
In 1918 Indian soldiers and the the Indian public wanted Britain to uphold it’s promise of self-determination.
Indians began to protest.
In 1919 to stop protesting the British passed the Rowlatt Act which allowed them to jail protestors for up to two years with no trial!
To educated Indians this was a violation of
• Denial of trial by a jury.
The Amritsar Massacre In 1919 Indians began a
system of violent protest
to the British rule.
Hindus and Muslims
went to Amritsar to
protest the Rowlatt Act.
Amritsar Massacre
At the festival at Amritsar Indians gathered to
celebrate and make speeches. The event was
non-violent.
Hindu and Muslim nationalist began to arrive
at the festival.
British citizens were attacked.
The British banned public meetings.
Amritsar Massacre
On April 13, 1919 to British believed that the Indians were defying to order not to meet in public.
British soldiers were ordered out to stop the people.
The soldiers are ordered to open fire on the crowd.
Indian Nationalism
400 Indians are killed.
1,200 are wounded.
Indians across India are outraged.
Indians demanded independence from
Britain.
Civil Disobedience
Civil Disobedience
• Refusing to obey laws or the government
without using violence and in some cases
enduring violence directed towards you.
Gandhi
Indian Independence
Civil Disobedience
Civil Disobedience
In the 1920’s Gandhi began his system of
civil disobedience.
Gandhi wanted to weaken the control of the
British government over the Indian people.
Gandhi called for the following measures.
Civil Disobedience Called for Indians to boycott British goods.
Gandhi called for Indians to make their own clothing.
Gandhi spent one hour a day at the spinning wheel making his own thread.
The spinning wheel becomes the symbol of Indian Nationalism.
Civil Disobedience
The clothing boycott was a success.
Indians burned their British clothing and
made their own clothing.
The sale of British clothing dropped and hurt
the British economy
Civil Disobedience
Gandhi asked Indians to
Boycott British schools.
Not hold positions in the British government in India.
Refuse to pay British taxes.
Not vote in elections.
Salt Marches
One of his most striking actions was the Salt
March that started on March 12, 1930 and ended
on April 5, when he led thousands of people to the
sea to collect their own salt rather than pay the
salt tax.
On May 8, 1933 Gandhi began a fast that would last
21 days to protest British oppression in India.
Indian Act of 1935
Under the success of the various civil disobedience tactics used by Gandhi the British government began to give into the demands of the Indians.
In 1935 under the Indian Act of 1935 Indians were allowed local self-government.
Some democratic elections were held.
Indians in Conflict
The Muslims and Hindu come into conflict during these elections.
Both want independence but both want control of the government.
The Hindu National Congress which outnumbers the Muslim League wins and controls the government.
This causes more problems between Hindus and Muslims.
Gandhi
Gandhi became known as a Mahatma or
“Great Soul” of the Indian Independence
movement.
Violence in India
With India feeling independence so close
many Hindus and Muslims took up violence
to protest British rule with mass arrests and
violence on an unprecedented scale.
This went against the teachings of Gandhi.
Indian Independence
In August 1946 Britain gave India its
independence.
Britain gave India to the Hindus and newly
formed Pakistan to the Muslims.
Soon both the Hindu and the Muslims while
free of British rule now turned their violence
towards one another.
Gandhi
On Jan. 30, 1948, while holding a prayer and
pacification meeting at New Delhi, he was fatally
shot by a Hindu fanatic who was angered by
Gandhi's support for the Muslims.
Gandhi was dead, India was free and now Muslims
and Hindus were killing one another.
Nationalism in China
The Chinese Republic
Established in 1911
Sun Yatsen Served as president
Established the Kuomindang or Nationalist Party.
Formation of the Chinese Republic
The Qing Dynasty had been in power since 1644
The people of China, under nationalist leader Sun Yixian, demanded:
“Nationalism” The end of foreign domination & influence
“Democracy” Formation of a representative government
“People’s Livelihood” A modernized & industrialized economy to provide security for the people of China
Formation of the Chinese Republic
Sun Yixian (Yatsen) Leader of the Kuomintang
Kuomintang China’s Nationalist Party
Overthrows Qing Emperor in 1911 and becomes China’s first president, but…
– Sun could not unite China
– Turns over presidency to a top general who overturns democratic reforms
– China becomes a military dictatorship overrun by warlords
World War I & The Treaty of
Versailles
In 1917, China declares war on Germany China believed by fighting for the allies that at the end of the war, territories controlled by Germany would be returned to the people of China
Treaty of Versailles gave Japan the former German territory
Three Principles of the Republic
Nationalism
Democracy
Livelihood
Chiang Kai-shek & the Nationalists
After Sun Yixian’s death in 1925, Jiang Jieshi becomes the head of the Kuomintang
Jiang Feared communism
Supported by bankers and businessmen
Over saw a corrupt government
Chaing Kai-Shek
Emerged as the leader of the Nationalist Party after the death of Sun Yatsen in 1925.
By 1928 Chaing Kai-Shek brought China under his control.
The Communist Party in China Many intellectual Chinese turned against Western Democracy (as you might imagine they would considering how the democracies treated China
Communist Party
Lead by former university asst. librarian Mao Zedong
Influence by the Russian Revolutions of 1917
The Chinese Communist Party
Established in 1921
Challenged the authority of the Nationalists.
Mao Zedong
Emerged as the communist leader in China.
Mao believed that communist success depended on gaining the support of the peasants.
Chinese Civil War
Chaing Kai Shek starts a campaign against communists
Has troops and armed gangs kill members of the Communist Party and union members on the city streets of Shanghai
Nearly wipes out all members of the Communist Party
In 1928 the US and Britain recognize Jiang Jieshi as president of China
The Soviet Union does not due to persecution of Communist Party in China
Chinese Civil War The Long March
Jiang sends 700,000 men after Communists and surrounds them
100,000 Communists flee and begin a 6,000 mile-journey (The Long March)
Tens of thousands die due to – Starvation
– Battle wounds
– Exposure to the cold
Mao and 8,000 survivors take shelter in the caves of northwestern China.
Mao on the Long March Communist leader addresses the survivors of the Long March
Cave dwellings in Shaanxi Red Army troops crossing the snowy mountains
Chinese Civil War Mao forms the Red Army by recruiting peasants
Established themselves in the countryside of south-central China
Trained Red Army in guerilla warfare with help from Soviet Union
Jiang sends Nationalists soldiers after them, but can’t completely wipe them out due to guerilla warfare
The Manchurian Incident
The Mukden Incident, also known as the Manchurian Incident, was a staged event engineered by Japanese military personnel as a pretext for invading the northern part of China, known as Manchuria, in 1931.
• Japan was in the need of natural resources.
• The Japanese needed an excuse to invade the land so they placed a bomb in the railway tracks of one of their own stations.
• Then, they blamed this attack on China.
• In response, the Japanese took control of Manchuria, obtaining the natural resources they needed.
Manchuria – was rich in natural resources (iron and coal) that Japan needed to support its industry. Japan created a puppet state called Manchukuo .
Japanese Invasion
In 1937 the Japanese launched an all-out war against China.
The Nationalists and Communists joined together to battle the Japanese.
Chinese Civil War: Japanese Invasion Time Out!!!
The Civil War between the Nationalists and Red armies is suspended
JAPAN INVADES MANCHURIA IN 1931
By 1937 Japan invades all of China
Nationalists and Communists unite to repel Japanese invasion
TO BE CONTINUED AFTER WORLD WAR II…
Japanese troops entering Shenyang
Top Related