• 2. ______________ is the struggle between organisms that attempt to use the same limited resources.
• Organisms that are better at competing are more likely to get and use the available resources.
• 3. ___________ are the things that organisms obtain from their environment in order to survive.
• They include _______, _______and shelter.
• Some resources are limited.
• 4. ______________ is an interaction in which one organism captures and feeds on another organism for food.
• The organism that does the killing is the _________.
• The organism that is eaten as food is the ___________.
Populations of predators and prey typically follow a pattern over time.
• Explain this pattern
Hares and Lynx Populations
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
1900 1902 1904 1906 1908 1910 1912 1914 1916 1918 1920
Year
Num
ber
of p
elts
in t
hous
ands
Hares (x1000) Lynx(x1000)
symbiosis8. What is a close relationship between two organisms that benefits at least one of the species?
9. What are the different kinds of symbiosis?
Mutualism
Parasitism
Commensalism
Mutualism both organisms
benefit
_____This is a _____________situation because
both organisms get something helpful from the relationship.
Think about teammates. They work together and help each other to try to win a
competition.
Commensalism
one organism benefits
one organism is unaffected
_____
This is a _________ situation because only one organisms get something helpful from
the relationship. The other is not harmed, but it is not
helped, either.
Think about neighbors. They help each other out sometimes. They may borrow some sugar or a lawn mower. It doesn’t hurt you or help you.
Parasitism
A parasite is basically a thief! They steal something (often blood or food) from the
other organism.
one organism benefits
one organism is
harmed
_____
This is a __________situation because one organism gets something helpful from the
relationship, but the other one is harmed.
Mutualism: both benefit
Example 1: Moray Eel
with Cleaner FishMoray eel
gets a clean mouth.
Cleaner Fish gets a meal.
Commensalism: one benefits,
one is unaffected
Example 2: Cattle with cattle
egrets Cattle stir up insects
as they eat grass.
Egrets hang
around and eat insects.
Example 3: Tick on a dogTicks feed on
the blood of their hosts.Dog may contract diseases like Lyme disease and Rocky Mountain spotted fever and become anemic or paralyzed.
Parasitism: one benefits, one is harmed
Commensalism: one benefits,
one is unaffected
Example 4: Clown fish with anemone
Clown fish gets
protection. Anemone
is unaffected.
Mutualism: both benefit
Example 5: Antelope with
OxbirdAntelope gets rid
of parasites. Oxbird
gets a meal.
Energy• All living things need _________
to grow and to carry out their activities.
• They get this from their food or directly from the Sun.
• It is passed from one organism to another in an ecosystem.
Producers ________ are living
things that can make their own food by using energy in sunlight.
Plants are one kind and they make their food through photosynthesis.
Consumers A _________ is an
organism that gets its energy by feeding on other organisms.
Animals, fungi, some protists, and some bacteria
Herbivores• _______ are
consumers that only eat plants.
• They are called primary, or first level consumers.
Carnivores_________are
consumers that eat meat. Most are predators, but some are scavengers that eat the meat of dead animals.
Omnivores• ________eat
both plants and animals.
• Humans
Decomposers ____________ are
consumers that get energy by breaking down dead plants and animals. They return materials stored in dead plants and animals to the soil, water, and air. Then green plants use the materials to make food.
Food Chain A _________
________ is a model that shows how energy flows from one organism to another.
Food Web• We have
_________to show us more of these relationships.
• _________show overlapping food chains in an ecosystem.
A Food Web
Questions• What do the arrows in a food
chain or food web represent?• What is the difference
between a food chain and a food web?
• Where does the energy for all living things ultimately originate?
• What is always the last step in a food chain or food web?
Energy Pyramid
Questions1. Why would there be less energy
available to move from one level to the next?
2. Why would an ecosystem have fewer organisms as you move up the food chain?
Answers1. The reason there is less energy
available from one level to the next is because some of the energy was used up by the organisms in the previous level to carry out life processes. Not all of the energy was stored in their bodies. In fact, only about 10% of the energy taken in at a level is passed on to the next level, while 90% is used up.
Answers2. If there is less energy passed
on to each level, then there is not enough energy to support a lot of organisms.
cells
• the basic units of structure and function of all living things
growth
• the process by which a living thing becomes larger
development
the process of change that causes an organism to become more complex (or sophisticated)
How an organism changes during its lifetime
photosynthesis• a process in which light energy is used to
make food (glucose) by joining carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O)
cellular respirationa process in which oxygen (O2) is combined with food (glucose) to release energy
fermentationa process in which cells obtain energy from glucose without oxygen
concentration
16. the amount of crowding
selectively permeable
17. when some substances can pass through the cell membrane, while other substances cannot
Like screen—what cannot pass through a screen?
Bugs, animals, etc.
diffusion
18. when particles move from an area of higher concentration (more crowded) to an area of lower concentration (less crowded)• particles are in motion constantly• they collide and spread out randomly
passive transport
20. a process in which materials are transported across the cell membrane without using energy
(watching TV, just breathing)
osmosis
21. the diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane
Osmosis has lots of o’s & s’s, this makes me think about an SOS which is how ships (in water) called for help.
endocytosis
25. when the cell membrane forms a fold or a pocket called a vesicle around large particles to get them into a cell
exocytosis
26. when a cell removes large materials by vesicles that carry the materials to the cell membrane
Nucleus• “Control center of the
cell” - Directs all cell activities
• Usually the easiest organelle to see under a microscope
Nuclear Membrane• Surrounds the nucleus• Controls what goes into and out of the nucleus
nuclear membrane
nucleus
Cytoplasm• Gel-like substance
inside the cell• Fills the space between
all the cell parts and gives the cell its shape
Endoplasmic Reticulum
• a.k.a. “ER”• Moves materials around the cell
Ribosome• Smallest and most abundant organelles• Make proteins• Proteins are very important for many of the cell’s
activities
Golgi Apparatus• Also called the Golgi bodies or Golgi complex• Sends proteins to where they are needed
Lysosomes• Break down food, cell wastes, and old, worn-out
organelles• These materials are recycled and used again
Mitochondria• “Powerhouse of the cell”• Cellular respiration occurs here to release energy for
the cell to use to make materials and move them around
Vacuoles• Storage container for
water, food, and wastes• Vacuoles are larger in
plant cells than they are in animal cells
Cell Wall• Found only in plant and
bacterial cells• Rigid, protective barrier
that protects and supports the cell
• Found outside of the cell membrane of plant and bacterial cells
Chloroplast• Found only in plant cells (and plant-like
protists/bacteria)• Contains the green pigment chlorophyll• Where photosynthesis takes place
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