Population Sizes Throughout History: The main cause of our
rapid population increase is the decrease in the death rate. With
new medicines and technologies, people around the world are living
healthier, longer lives. Throughout history, there have been three
major surges in world population. These were the invention of tools
and fire, the agricultural revolution, and then finally the
industrial revolution. How to calculate population change:
Population change = (crude birth rate + immigration)- (crude death
rate + emigration)
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Calculating Actual Growth Rate: You can calculate the actual
growth rate of a place by using the formula: Actual Growth Rate (%)
= (birth rate-death rate)/(10) Example: The US had a birth rate of
14.6 live births per 1,000 population in one year, compared to
Indias birth rate of 22.2 in that same year. The death rate in that
year for the US was 8.3 deaths per 1,000 population, compared to
Indias rate of 6.4. US: (14.6-8.3)/10 = 0.6 India: (22.2-6.4)/10 =
1.6
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Population Distribution: Between 2000 and 2030, most of the
growth the earth will experience will be seen in developing or
underdeveloped countries in Africa, Asia, and Latin America.
Countries in Europe and North America will experience growth rates
of 1% or less. Some countries such as Germany will even experience
negative growth rates as fewer children are born in these well
developed countries.
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Fertility Rates: Replacement level fertility: this is when a
couple has enough children to just replace themselves, so two per
couple. RLF rates are lower in moderately developed countries and
higher in less developed countries. This is because of the infant
mortality rate. The Total Fertility rate is the average number of
children a woman will have in her lifetime. The worlds population
is growing so quickly because of the higher than replacement level
fertility rates in under developed nations.
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Factors Affecting Fertility Rates: Declines in fertility rates
occur largely in urbanized areas. This comes from a lack of a need
for children to work and provide for a family. In urbanized areas,
there is also more access to contraceptives and family planning
methods. The two main effects of having a lower than replacement
level fertility rate are population decline and population
aging.
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Growth Rates and Doubling Times: The nineteenth century saw the
greatest population growth in history. This means that the growth
rate was very high and the time it takes to double the population
was very low. Rule of 70: To find the doubling time of a
population, divide the number into 70. For example, is the growth
rate of a place is 2%, you would do 70/2 so the doubling time is 35
years. To find the growth rate, you would reverse this process and
do 70/doubling time.
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Demographic Transition: The name given to the process that has
occurred during the past century. Leads to a stabilized population.
The Four Stages of Development: 1. Pre-Industrial: severe living
conditions. Poor medical care. Limited food. High death rate and
high infant mortality rate. 2. Transitional: Advances in hygiene
and food availability. Leads to an upward trend in population. 3.
Industrial: Urbanization decreases the economic incentive to have
children. Great food access and medical care. More education for
women with a discouragement for large families. 4. Post Industrial:
Birth rates equal mortality rates. No population growth.
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Age Structure Diagrams:
http://www.geography.hunter.cuny.edu/~tbw/ncc/Notes/
Chapter6.pop/chapter.6.pop.age.structure.outline.html
http://www.geography.hunter.cuny.edu/~tbw/ncc/Notes/
Chapter6.pop/chapter.6.pop.age.structure.outline.html
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For more information:
http://pages.uoregon.edu/rgp/PPPM613/class8a.htm Video Information:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fHgnTDaKwCk
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Review Questions: 1. What is the formula to calculate the
change of a population? 2. What are some of the reasons that more
developed countries have lower rates of population growth? 3. What
is replacement level fertility and how does it differ around the
world? 4. What are the four stages of demographic transitions? 5.
Which countries are in each stage of demographic
transitioning?