POLICY PLANNING FOR RESILIENT URBAN INFRASTRUCTURE
Alpa Sheth
India-Japan Workshop onDisaster Risk Reduction,
March 19-20 2018
The making and unmaking of Policies?
• Policy Maker – Government
• Policy violator– Private stakeholders
• Policy exempt– Government?
Policy Framework and Implementation
a) Aprimarylegislativeframework EnablingMechanism
b) Asystemfor framingdevelopment regulations, PolicyandStandardsreferencedtonational /international standards
1. Anagencyforenforcingdevelopmentregulations EnforcementAgency2. Amechanismforverifyingandapprovingdesigns
forcompliancetodevelopmentregulations3. Amechanismforgrantingvariances4. Amechanismfortestingandmonitoringconstruction EnforcementProtocol
forcompliancetoapproveddesigns5. Amechanismforgrantingpermissiontouse6. Asystemfordealingwithunauthorizedconstruction7. Asystemforlicensingprofessionals8. Asystemforattributingresponsibilityfor AccreditationSystem
misconductandbuildingfailures
STATS…
Source: Disaster Management Bureau Cabinet Office, Government of Japan
JAPAN
Number of Deaths in Disasters - India 1972-
2014
TsunamiEarthquakeCycloneFlood
Orissa Supercyclone
UK/Himachal Floods +Landslides
Source: National Disaster Management Authority
Andhra Cyclone
Fatalities for Different Disasters
Number of Fatalities in Natural Disasters since 1947
Number of Fatalities in Naural Disasters since 1947
Drought: 1,500,000Total Fatalities excluding drought : 222,806
Moneycontrol.com – International Disaster Database
Moneycontrol.com – International Disaster Database
Tale of Two Cities
• Srinagar – Violations by citizens with a complicit system– Urban Migration - large urban sprawl of informal
housing- slums – Political and empowered – development of real
estate on illegal marshlands and nulla/river landfills.
• Sabarmati River Ahmedabad – Government– State Sponsored land fill of river bed– Development of new corporation (SPV) with self-
drafted independent planning policies
Srinagar Growth Story…
Srinagar
TISS, Mumbai
Population Density
Figure 1: Srinagar 2014 Floods
Possible Way Ahead
• Problem not restricted to Srinagar. Chennai….
• NDMA/UDD to formulate rules at national level for construction on marshlands, saltpans and fills over water bodies and waterways.
• Model Building Byelaws disallowed construction. Now?
• Area on a plot that may be hard paved?
Ahmedabad Growth Story
SRFDCL
SRFDCL/EPC
https://tod.niua.org/todfisc/book.php?book=1§ion=4
• Environment Impact Study
• NIH AND IITR report - capacity calculations
• Floods in 2006, 2011, 2015, 2017
• NDMA may consider coming out with a white paper on Riverfront developments- – Parameters to be considered in design of
riverfront developments – Design return period flood level to be
considered for maximum credible high flood level
– Max reduction in cross section area of the river
– Whether New construction to be allowed on reclaimed land- and if so how much?
Possible Approach for Riverfronts
THINKING,
FAST AND SLOW
FOR DISASTER RESPONSE
FOR POLICY PLANNING + DISASTER RISK REDUCTION
RISKS
AWARE OF, UNDERSTANDAWARE OF, UNDERSTAND
KNOWN KNOWN
KNOWN UNKNOWN
UNKNOWN KNOWN
UNKNOWN UNKNOWN
AWARE OF, DON’T UNDERSTAND
NOT AWARE OF, BUT UNDERSTAND NOT AWARE OF, DON’T UNDERSTAND
APPROACH TO RISKS NEEDS TO..
–Be robust but flexible to unknown and uncertain risks rather than “fixed, optimal engineering approach”
–Avoid being locked in financing large-scale investments that might prove obsolete with change in future risks
UTTARAKHAND 2013
LANDSLIDES
10M
SRINAGAR 2
014 FLOODS
1.2 M
CHENNAI 2015 F
LOODS
7
M
AHMEDABAD 2001 EQ.
5.5 M
NAGAPATTINAM 2004
TSUNAMI 1.6 M
KUKK?
UU
KUKK?
KUKK?
KU
KU
AHMEDABAD 2017 FLOODS.
5.5 M
BY 2050, 60% INDIANS IN CITIES.
• HAZARDOUS LOCATIONS
• POOR CONSTRUCTION
• RECKLESS FILL OF WATER BODIES +MARSHLANDS
• UNCHECKED GROWTH
DISCONNECT BETWEEN POLICY AND OPERATIONS
For Disaster Risk Reduction
• Reduce exemptions involving safety issues to special authorities – Riverfront developments, slum rehab authorities, smart cities, special economic zones….
• They must be subject to greater, not lesser, safety rigour.
GROWTH
SAFETYDEVELOPMENT
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