Play, Recreation, and the Life Course--Children
HPR 200 Spring 2011 Developmental stages of childhood and the forms
of play activity children engage in Obstacles Less physically
active Family changes Pressure
Video games TV Family changes Working Single parents Pressure Learn
too much Grow too fast Stages of Child Development
Infancy Early childhood Toddler Preschool Middle childhood Stages
of Game Play Age Stage Level Process Teaching 1-5 Egocentric
Self-play Parallel play Exploration Imitation Problem solving 4-8
Cooperative Partner Small group Prediction Analysis Synthesis
Guided discovery 7-12 Competitive Team Testing Contesting
Evaluation Command Infancy 0-18 months Force motor development
skills??
Gentle stimulation Grasping Hand-eye coordination Freedom and space
Infant exercise class Intervene too much or not enough Infant
exercise classesGymboree Teach balance, strengthen muscles, develop
hand-eye coordination Not performed to excess More vigorous the
newborn, more likely to be active later Early Childhood 18 months
to 5 years old Egocentric Self-expression
Emotional and social adjustment Learning language Toddler
Preschooler Very wide time period Lots of things changing and
happening Very selfish Asking questions Toddler 18 months to 3
years Active explorers Attention span
Movement and sensation Parallel play Imagination Gross-motor skills
Grow faster now than any other time Short attention spanthis should
dictate how we work with these individuals Learn through movement
and touching rather than listening and reasoning Parallel
playside-by-side activity with another child; STORY ABOUT BRIE AND
FONZIE Gross motor skillsactivities that require use of large
muscle groups; walking, running, jumping Preschoolers 3-5 Mobility
Gender Energy Handling objects
Seeking out others Are increasingly mobile and getting into things
Start to realize gender differences; will talk about more with toys
Lots of energy means they quickly forget things and move on Like to
touch and play with objects By age five they start to seek out
other friends Show and tell activities may be good for this age
Middle Childhood 5-12 Slow steady growth Fine motor skills
Variety of growth rates Gender Simple rules Cooperative play ADD
Period marked by slow, steady growth, but it occurs at different
rates and this can make children feel uncomfortable Fine motor
skillsprecise, coordinated movements; cutting, tracing, buttoning
Girls may develop quicker and by larger and heavier than boys Girls
better at accuracy of movement Boys better at more forceful acts
Simple rules that are easy to follow Encourage cooperative play;
PROVIDE SOME EXAMPLES Physical activity can have positive influence
on ADD; TALK ABOUT ADD AND VIDEO GAMES Activity Groups of 5 Develop
skit for assigned age group
Skit should show age appropriate age activities Perform skit for
class Class will identify characteristics of the age group Toys Age
appropriate Gender differences? Imagination Cooperation
Turn taking Organizing Physical coordination Spatial relationships
Boxes will say what age the toys are appropriate for; SAFETY ISSUES
Children who have opportunity to play with toys designed for both
sexes have advantages These six skills can be developed through
playing with toys Playgrounds Boston Sand Garden Traditional
Contemporary Adventure
Modern Safety Individuals with disabilities Boston Sand Garden was
first playground in 1885 and was literally a sand pile Traditional:
steel slides, seesaws, swings, etc Contemporary: creative; tires,
nets, suspension bridges; opportunity for creativity; liability
issues Adventure: hand tools, wood and rope to build own
structures; unattractive and liability Modern: combine elements
already listed with safety Falling is biggest safety concern Making
accessible for individuals with disabilities Games Play versus game
Pursuit of a goal Created games New games
Cooperation versus competition Game is more mature stage of
developmentmoves into recreation from play In games there is
pursuit of a goal Children create games; EXAMPLE POOL TAG AND BAT
GAME IN THE POOL New games: emphasis is on cooperation and social
growth; ROPES COURSES not geared to spectators requires little
equipment DEMONSTRATE GROUP KNOT WITH ABOUT 8 PEOPLE Sports Little
league baseball Physical fitness Discipline Respect
Dedication Teamwork Individuals with disabilities LLB is just one
example These five things are skills that can be learned through
team sports Problems with Sports? Levels of participation Intensity
Injury Adults
Maturation level Fun Losing Play, Recreation, and the Life
Course--Children
Review All of the following are psychological benefits/effects of
leisure EXCEPT:
Deference Autonomy Justice Relaxation Satisfaction Satisfaction is
emotional When discussing the biological interpretations of play,
the following theorist suggested that play prepares young people
for the demands of life: Fredrich von Schiller George Herbert Mead
Joseph Lee Karl Groos Sigmund Freud Name AND define the three
essential elements of leisure. Essential Elements of Leisure
Perceived freedom Autotelic nature Beneficial outcome Identify the
five components of recreation. Recreation Voluntary Organized
Socially redeeming Fun Free time
These pieces of the definition are similar to the definitions for
leisure EXCEPT organized Socially redeeming can be defined
differently by different culturese.g. street racers Examples?
Sports (e.g. require practices or games?), intramurals, book club
If a meeting or event is mandatory, is it still recreation? Is it
leisure? Leisure and Individuals with Disabilities
Individuals with physical disabilities Individuals with cognitive
disabilities Individuals with emotional/behavioral disabilities
Older adults PhysicalCerebral palsy, MD, MS, vision, hearing
CognitiveMR
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