Plant Systematics
Naming– give an organism a precise scientific name
– Homo sapiens L.
– ICZN, ICBN, ICMN
Plant Systematics
Identifying– finding the name
of an organism that has already been named and classified
Polynomial Nomenclature
Ranunculus calycibus, retroflexus, pedulculis falcatis, caule erecto, folis comopositis
Polynomial Nomenclature
Ranunculus calycibus, retroflexus, pedulculis falcatis, caule erecto, folis comopositis
“The buttercup with bent-back sepals, curved flower stalks, erect stems and compound leaves”
descriptive, precise
Binomial Nomenclature
- Began 1753, Species Plantarum– Carolus Linnaeus 18thC Sweden
Ranunculus calycibus Genus species
Binomial Nomenclature - Began 1753, Species Plantarum
– Carolus linnaeus 18thC Sweden Genus species same species name
– Cercis canadensis L.– Solidago canadensis L. Authority
Rules: International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN)– ICZN, ICMN
ICBN Rules Genus treated a noun; species as adjective suffixes usually agree in gender Male female neuter us a um is is re er ris o
Lactuca hirsut_ Lathyrus hirsut_ Vaccinium hirsut_
Binomials Often describe some feature
Incorporate the name of a person or place
perpetuate a classical name
Binomials– Quercus alba “white oak”– Quercus macrocarpa “burr oak”
– All tree genera are treated as female!
– Veronica noveboracensis (L.) Michx.• CHANGE OF CLASSIFICATION
Kingdoms
Plants Aristotle Gr 4thC BC
Animals Aristotle Gr
Protista E. Haeckel Ger 19thC
Fungi R H Whitaker USA 20thC
Archebacteria (Archaea) C. Woese USA 20th C
Eubacteria (Bacteria) C. Woese USA 20th C
Species
A distinct types of organism capable of breeding with other members of its own kind - but not with other species….
Basic category in biological nomenclature
Varieties (subspecies)
Sargent
Quercus alba L. var. alba Quercus alba L. var. latiloba Sarg.
If Q. latiloba was a new species?– Quercus latiloba Sarg.
hybridization
Q. velutina X Q. rubra X Q. palustris
Echinacea pallida
Echinacea paradoxa
Echinacea pallida X paradoxa
Relationship between Genus and Species
Genus - a group of related species
Quercus (oaks) Carya (hickories)– rubra - ovata– velutina - cordiformes– alba
Related 1. Have similar characteristics (may
hybridize) 2. Have a common ancestor back in
evolutionary time velutina rubra alba
Related 1. Have similar characteristics (may
hybridize) 2. Have a common ancestor back in
evolutionary time ovata cordiformes
Evolution (implied by classification)
Organisms that are placed in the same genus are believed to be more closely related than organisms from other genera.
Natural System
Our present system attempts to group organisms in accordance with natural (evolutionary) relationships.
– Homology
Natural System
Our present system attempts to group organisms in accordance with natural (evolutionary) relationships.
– Homology• internal structures, embryology, DNA, proteins
– Analogy• based on superficial characteristics• outward form and function
Taxa
Division: Anthophyta Coniferophyta Pterophyta “flowering “pines,spruces, “ferns”
plants” firs” » Magnoliopsida
» Liliopsida
Classes of Flowering Plants
Magnoliopsida– dicots - 2 embryonic
leaves– taproot– branching leaf veins– flower parts:2s, 4s,
5s
Liliopsida– monocots - 1
embryonic leaf– adventitious roots,
branching– parallel leaf veins– flower parts: 3s
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