Phonetics and phonology:2. Prosody (revision)
Part II: Intonation
KAMIYAMA [email protected]
Intonation?
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English
Functions of intonation
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Functions of intonation
• Syntactic function: segmentation• Pragmatic function: old and new
information, focus, contrast, politeness, turntaking
• Modality: question/answer• Expressive functions:- attitudes (controlled)- emotions (spontaneous)
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Components of intonation
• Tones: rise, fall, fall-rise, rise-fall, level …
• Tonicity: placement of the nucleus (nucleartone)
• Tonality: how to segment into intonationphrases?
Wells (2006)
1. Tones in monosyllabic utterances
Utterance: a continuous piece of speechbeginning and ending with a clear pause
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Tones: articulatory characteristics
• The vocal folds may vibrate faster orslower.
• When the vocal folds are tense, theyvibrate fast (heard as a high pitch).
• When the vocal folds are lax, they vibrateslowly (heard as a low pitch).
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suite4/10/2016 KAMIYAMA Takeki Phonetics and Phonology
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Tones
• English is not a tone language (such asCantonese: difference of tone leads tototally different words with differentdictionary meanings).
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Cantonese: a tone language
• Six tons associés à chaque syllabe
“poésie” “histoire”“essayer” “temps” “ville” “fait”
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Tones
• English is not a tone language (such asCantonese: difference of tone leads tototally different words).
• But utterances can be said with differenttones, with different pragmatic meanings(modality, politeness, attitudes, …).
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Tones in monosyllabic utterances
• The utterance “yes”, “no” can be said withdifferent tones.
• Fall: yes no• Rise: yes no• Fall-rise: yes no• Rise-fall: yes no• Level: yes no
Roach (1991)
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Fall
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Rise
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Fall-rise
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Rise-fall
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Level
2. Some basic meanings of tones
With monosyllabic tone units “yes” and “no”
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Fall• Fall: yes no
• Basic meaning of fall: ‘major information’ or‘primary information’.
• The speaker declares that the proposition isnow part of the shared knowledge.
Hearer’s knowledge
Speaker’s knowledge
Shared knowledge
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Fall• Fall: yes no
• The question is now answered and there isnothing more to be said.
• The fall could be said to give an impressionof “finality”.
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Rise• Rise: yes no
• 1. ‘incomplete information’, ‘minorinformation’, ‘secondary information’.
• 2. The speaker leaves it to the hearer todecide whether the proposition is part of theshared knowledge.
Hearer’s knowledge
Speaker’s knowledge
Shared knowledge
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Rise• Rise: yes no
• This tone conveys an impression thatsomething more is to follow:
• A (wishing to attract B’s attention): Excuse me.• B: yes(B’s reply is, perhaps, equivalent to ‘what do you want?’)
• A: Do you know John Smith?• B: yes / yes
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Rise• A: Do you know John Smith?• B: yes-> B would invite A to continue with what she
intends to say about John Smith afterestablishing that B knows him.
• A: Do you know John Smith?• B: yes-> yes would give a feeling of “finality”, of “end
of conversation”; if A did have something to sayabout John Smith, the response with a fall wouldmake it difficult for A to continue. Roach (1991) 4/10/2016 KAMIYAMA Takeki Phonetics and Phonology
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Rise• A: Have you seen Ann?• B: no-> B implies quite clearly that he has no interest in
continuing with that topic of conversation.
• A: Have you seen Ann?• B: no-> The rising no would be an invitation to A to
explain why she is looking for Ann, or why shedoes not know where she is.
Roach (1991)
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Rise• A question that implies readiness to present
some new information:
• A: Do you know what the longest balloon flightwas?
• B: no-> B is inviting A to tell him.
• A: Do you know what the longest balloon flightwas?
• B: no-> B does not know and is not expecting to be told.
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Rise• Similar “invitations to continue” can be found in
someone’s response to a series of instructions ordirections:
• A: You start off on the ring road…• B: yes• A: turn left at the first roundabout…• B: yes• A: and ours is the third house on the left.
• Whatever B replies to this last utterance of A, itwould be most unlikely to be yes again, sinceA has clearly finished her instructions and itwould be pointless to “prompt” her to continue.
Roach (1991)
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Fall-rise• Fall-rise: yes no
• 1. ‘limited agreement’, ‘response withreservations’ (implication: “yes, but …”).
• 2. The speaker reminds the hearer that theproposition is already part of the sharedknowledge.
Hearer’s knowledge
Speaker’s knowledge
Shared knowledge
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Fall-rise• Fall-rise: yes no
• ‘limited agreement’, ‘response withreservations’ (implication: “yes, but …”).
• A: I’ve heard that it’s a good school.• B: yes
• B would not completely agree with what Asaid, and A would probably expect B to go onto explain why he was reluctant to agree.
Roach (1991)
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Fall-rise• Fall-rise: yes no
• ‘limited agreement’, ‘response withreservations’ (implication: “yes, but …”).
• A: It’s not really an expensive record, is it?• B: no
• no indicates that he would not completelyagree with A.
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Fall-rise
• Fall-rise: yes no
• Fall-rise in such contexts almost alwaysindicates both:- something “given” or “conceded”
and at the same time- some “reservation” or “hesitation”.
Roach (1991)
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Rise-fall• Rise-fall: yes no
• Rise-fall is used to convey strong feelings ofapproval, disapproval or surprise.
• A: You wouldn’t do an awful thing like that,would you?
• B: no
• What if B replies: no ?
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Rise-fall• Rise-fall: yes no• Rise-fall is used to convey strong feelings of
approval, disapproval or surprise.
• A: Isn’t the view lovely!• B: yes
• A: I think you said it was the best so far.• B: yes
Roach (1991)
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Level• Level: yes no
• Level tone conveys (on single-syllableutterances) a feeling of saying somethingroutine, uninteresting or boring.
• A teacher calling the names of pupils from aregister often do so using a level tone oneach name.
• The pupils would be likely to respond withyes when their name was called.
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Level• Level: yes no
• Similarly, if one is being asked a series ofroutine questions for some purpose such asapplying for an insurance policy, one might replyto each question of a series like:
• Have you ever been in prison? - no• Do you suffer from any serious illness? - no• Is your eyesight defective? - no
etc.
Roach (1991)
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Tones
• We have looked at some basic meaningsof tones in monosyllabic utterances.
• Each tone may have many moremeanings.
• The examples studied here do not showthe only possible choices of tone.
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Exercise• Mark the tone used in the recording.
3. Structure of longer utterances
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Components
• Tones: rise, fall, fall-rise, rise-fall, level …
• Tonicity: placement of the nucleus (nucleartone)
• Tonality: how to segment into intonationphrases?
Wells (2006)
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Nucleus and intonation phrase
• Not all syllables bear a tone.
• Only nucleus (tonic syllable) bears anuclear tone.
• There is a nucleus in each intonationphrase (tone unit).
3.1. Structure of intonation phrase
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Nucleus
• The nucleus is an obligatory component.
• It indicates the end of the focused part ofthe intonation phrase.
• The pitch change or pitch movement forthe nuclear tone (fall, rise, etc.) begins.
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Nucleus
• In monosyllabic utterances, the onlysyllable (yes, no) is the nucleus.
• Fall: yes no• Rise: yes no• Fall-rise: yes no• Rise-fall: yes no• Level: yes no
Roach (1991)
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Nucleus: pitch movement in longer utterances
Wells (2006)
//ddɪɪkk//
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Nucleus: pitch movement in longer utterances
Wells (2006)
//ddɪɪkk//
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Head• those• give me those
• those is the nucleus in the two utterances.• In the second, the rest is called the head.• A head is all that part of an intonation phrase
that extends from the first stressed syllableup to (but not including) the nucleus.
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Head• those
• give me those
• Billy called to give me those
• in an hour
Nucleus
Nucleus
Nucleus
Head
Head
Nucleus
-> no head
Roach (1991)
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Pre-head
• in an hour
• The pre-head is composed of all theunstressed syllables in an intonation phrasepreceding the first stressed syllable.
Nucleus
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Pre-head: two cases• in an hour
• i) When there is no head (i.e. no stressedsyllable precedes the nucleus).
• in a little less than an hour
• ii) When there is a head.
NucleusPre-head
NucleusHeadPre-head
Roach (1991)
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Tail• look at it
• It often happens that some syllables followthe nucleus.
• Any syllables between the nucleus and theend of the intonation phrase are called thetail.
Nucleus Tail
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Structure of intonation phrase:summary
• (prehead) (head) nucleus (tail)
NucleusNucleus(Head)(Pre-head) (Tail)
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• We’re planning to fly to Italy
• It was re markably good
Structure of intonation phrase:summary
• Identify and locate the components:
NucleusNucleus(Head)(Pre-head) (Tail)
NucleusHeadPre-head Tail
NucleusHeadPre-head
Wells (2006)
3.2. Pitch patterns in nucleus and tail
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Fall
• John
• Mary
• Jonathan
• Compare (fr):• Jean
• Marie
• Jonathan
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Rise
• John
• Mary
• Jonathan
• Compare (fr):• Jean
• Marie
• Jonathan
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Fall-rise
• John
• Mary
• Jonathan
• Compare (fr):• Jean
• Marie
• Jonathan
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Fall-rise: some more examples
• true
• nearly
• happily
• today
• I think so
• regrettably
Wells (2006)
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