Rhode Island Convention Center • Providence, Rhode Island
Phase Change Material for Building Envelope
Session: Track 2 Energy Technology Session 4
Reyad Sawafta, Ph.D. Chief Scientific Officer
Phase Change Energy Solutions www.phasechange.com
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US Buildings
In the US, the commercial real Estate Market 84 billion ft2 total 7 billion ft2 retail 70,000 bank branches 380,000 mobile buildings and many other types…
41% of the total U.S energy is consumed by the residential and commercial building sectors (“Monthly Energy Review” 2016).
Heating and cooling requirements alone account for 58% of that value (Annual Energy, 2016)
Some targets cannot be met with the existing materials.
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Architects, designers, engineers and owners are demanding additional energy savings and enhanced comfort.
• Lower HVAC expense • Lower peak (high $$$) electricity demand • Consistent, comfortable temperature even during
peak loads • Reasonable Up-Front Cost and Rapid ROI • Long lifetime and low / no maintenance • Sustainable • Resilience
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Demand for Energy Savings
Phase Change Materials (PCMs) for thermal regulation and thermal energy storage in buildings provides an elegant solution for more efficient energy use.
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Phase Change Materials (PCMs) at Work
144 BTU/ lb
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PCMs to be used for latent heat storage should: 1. Have a melting point which matches the
application, 2. Have a high value of heat of fusion and specific
heat per unit volume and weight, 3. Have a low vapor pressure at the operational
temperature, 4. Have a chemical stability and non-corrosiveness, 5. Not be hazardous, highly inflammable or poisonous, 6. Have a reproducible crystallization without
degradation, 7. Have a small super-cooling degree and high rate of
crystal growth, 8. Have a small volume variation during solidification, 9. Have a tunable thermal conductivity, 10. Be of abundant supply and at a low cost.
Phase Change Materials (PCMs)
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PCMs are solid at room temperature, as the temperature becomes warmer they liquefy or become a gel, absorb and store heat, and when the temperature drops they solidify and give off heat.
How PCMs Work?
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Simply, PCMs operate like a thermal sponge to help maintain Temperature at the designed set point (i.e. 70 or 73 or 77ºF or any desired temperature ).
Ambient Hotter Than Set Point
90-120 BTU / lb.
Ambient Colder Than Set Point
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PCMs have a higher heat storage capacity than conventional thermal mass, and provides excellent heat transfer. It demands no extra structural support and any added installation cost is minimal.
Because the exposed surface in building products is so large and the PCMs absorb heat over a narrow temperature range, the building products need not receive direct sunlight.
Phase Change Materials (PCMs)
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PCMs can smooth daily fluctuations in room temperature by lowering the peak temperatures resulting from extreme external daily temperature changes.
Phase Change Materials (PCMs)
Two identical buildings tested in Asheboro, NC
Both buildings had standard fiberglass insulation
One with ENRG BlanketTM, the other used as control
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PCMs reduce home heating or cooling loads, thereby producing energy savings for the consumer by as much as 20-40% depending on climate.
Phase Change Materials (PCMs)
PCMs are not binary systems
In a mechanically controlled building 8-12 air changes per hour
PCMs go through many partial transitions that can total 3-7 full transitions resulting to 300-840 BTUs/lb.
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Bio-based PCMs can be used to reduce Internal Load
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Office Space ready for a new day
Commercial Office – 8:00 AM
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Heat load from numerous sources absorbed by BioPCM®
Commercial Office – Business Hours
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Heat load being released by BioPCM® to nighttime air
Commercial Office – Nighttime
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Mechanically Controlled Space – Cooling
Tstat Setpoint is @ ~70-73ºF
When an HVAC system is in cooling mode the temperature of the cool air coming from the air registers is ~55F.
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Mechanically Controlled Space – Heating
Tstat Setpoint is @~68-70ºF
When an HVAC system is in heating mode the temperature of the warm air coming from the air registers is ~90ºF
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Commonly used PCMs are: 1. Plant and Bio Based 2. Salt hydrates 3. Paraffin and paraffin waxes 4. Polymers 5. Metals
Phase Change Materials (PCMs)
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The main limitations of salt hydrates are: 1. They absorb moisture, which decreases their
effectiveness, 2. They are unstable, following dehydration in the
process of thermal cycling; losing some water content every heating cycle.
3. Some are chemically aggressive towards structural materials
4. They have a low heat conductivity 5. They have a relatively high degree of supercooling 6. They require costly and impractical encapsulation
with a semi-impermeable coating for improved performance.
Salt Hydrates
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1. Paraffins are waxes 2. They are readily available 3. They melt at different temperatures
relating to their carbon-chain length, so they have a wide range of the phase change temperatures
4. They have a low heat conductivity 5. They are based on Petroleum and
flammable 6. Toxic and Not Readily Biodegradable
Paraffins
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Among organic materials, fatty acids and their derivatives are attractive for the following reasons:
1. Readily available and cost effective. 2. Renewable: they come from vegetable oils and their
by-products. 3. Widely used in different areas such as food, medicine,
cosmetics, shipping and others. 4. Melting temperature varies from −50 to 150°C 5. Latent heat of fusion varies from 150-250 kJ/kg 6. Non-Toxic and Readily Biodegradable
Bio-Based Phase Change Materials
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Phase Change Material Types
Environment
Impact
Energy Density
(BTU/lb)
Lifetime
(years)
Cost of Production
($/sq ft)
Super-cooling
Volume
Change
Corrosive Flammable
BioPCM
Paraffin
Salt Hydrates
Positive Negative
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Company Background
Established in 2008 75K ft2 manufacturing facility in Asheboro,
NC Focused on Reducing HVAC Energy
Consumption for Commercial, Industrial, and Government Customers
More than 1M ft2 deployed World Wide Patents:
Formulation Applications
Solar Powered HQ and
Manufacturing Facility
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Interior: Ceiling, Wall & Floor Exterior: Roof & Wall Retrofit or New Build Straightforward Installation: Install 1,000 ft2 per hour with 2 ladders and 4 person crew!
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Bio-based PCM Installation
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• 2000 Sq. Ft. of BioPCM®® installed • Covering 70% of the surface area above
the ceiling tiles • No disruption to normal operations
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JP Morgan Chase Bank - Retrofit LOCATION: Elmhurst, NY
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JP Morgan Chase Bank - Retrofit
Financial Summary - First Year Results Daily kWh Reduction…………………………………..109* kWh Cost ………………………………………….….$.1847 Daily Savings …………………….……………….….$20.13 Annual Savings ……………………………………...$7,347 Cost of BioPCM® @ $4.69 Sq. Ft.**…………….….$9,380 Payback BioPCM® ……………………………….…..1.28 Yr. * Independent Testing: Noveda Technologies
LOCATION: Elmhurst, NY
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• Construction in 2012 • Building uses BioPCM® for passive cooling • 98% HVAC Energy Savings
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U of Washington – New Construction LOCATION: Seattle, WA
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• Expected ROI <12 months (cost avoidance on HVAC plus energy usage reductions)
• 43,800 ft2 BioPCM® installation • Bob Easton Architect, Kiewit Corporation
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Easton Archery Center LOCATION: Chula Vista, CA
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Fort Irwin - California
A multi-solution approach including BioPCMs was used in 20 buildings at Fort Irwin Initial Results showed 37% energy reduction Continuous data collection through a 12-month M&V cycle is ongoing to
demonstrate the effect in different seasons and to quantify different component contributions.
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PhaseStor Case Study- Scope Description
Provide thermal storage to support
server room cooling in event of loss of power
Provide minimum 15 mins at approx. 58°F
Provide equivalency of 87,000 Btu (14.5 tons) of cooling
Chiller to charge PCM -45°F PCM freeze temperature set -49°F Chilled water return temperature
from server room to inlet of BioTess –average 68°F
Chilled water outlet temperature leaving BioTess to server room -average 58°F
Average Δ10°F
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Phase Change Energy Solutions
Huge demand for further energy savings Commercial, Industrial, Government Target market is billions of ft2
Bio-based PCM can complement insulation to create additional HVAC energy savings of 20% to 40%
ROI estimated to be between 1 to 5 years without tax credits or other government incentives
Effectiveness and ROI have been demonstrated with marquis customers
Phase Change Energy Solutions 120 E. Pritchard St. Asheboro, NC 27203 1-800-283-7887 www.PhaseChange.com
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