Chapter 1Chapter 1 Pharmacy History Pharmacy History

From the beginning to the From the beginning to the futurefuture

ErasEras

Ancient Era Beginning of time to Ancient Era Beginning of time to 1600 AD1600 AD

Empiric Era – 1600 to 1940Empiric Era – 1600 to 1940 Industrialization Era – 1940 to 1970Industrialization Era – 1940 to 1970Patient Care Era 1970 to presentPatient Care Era 1970 to presentBiotechnology and genetic Biotechnology and genetic

engineering engineering

Ancient Era Ancient Era

From the beginning of time to 1600 ADFrom the beginning of time to 1600 AD Early man used materials in his Early man used materials in his

surroundings, Leaves, mud and cool water surroundings, Leaves, mud and cool water were used to stop bleeding and heal were used to stop bleeding and heal wounds.wounds.

Dry clay was used to splint Dry clay was used to splint

broken bones.broken bones. They copied animal behaviorThey copied animal behavior..

DocumentationDocumentation

At some point man began to At some point man began to document healing practices on clay document healing practices on clay tablets 2600 B.C.tablets 2600 B.C.

One of the earliest known records One of the earliest known records written around 1500 B.C. was the written around 1500 B.C. was the Ebers Papyrus named by George Ebers Papyrus named by George Ebers.Ebers.

Ebers PapyrusEbers PapyrusContains formulas for more than 800 ancient remedies.Contains formulas for more than 800 ancient remedies.

Belly  Belly  "For the evacuation of the belly: "For the evacuation of the belly:

Cow's milk 1; grains 1; honey 1; Cow's milk 1; grains 1; honey 1; mash, sift, cook; take in four mash, sift, cook; take in four portions." portions."

Bowels  Bowels  "To remedy the bowels: "To remedy the bowels: Melilot, 1; , 1;

dates, 1; cook in oil; anoint sick dates, 1; cook in oil; anoint sick part." part."

Cancer  Cancer  Recounting a "Recounting a "tumor against the against the

god Xenus", it recommends "do god Xenus", it recommends "do thou nothing there against".thou nothing there against".

Clothing  Clothing  Clothing may be protected from Clothing may be protected from

mice and rats by applying cat's mice and rats by applying cat's fat. fat.

Death  Death  Half an onion and the froth of Half an onion and the froth of

beer was considered "a delightful beer was considered "a delightful remedy against death." remedy against death."

GreeksGreeks

Around 600 B.C. the Greeks Around 600 B.C. the Greeks integrated science into mythological integrated science into mythological thinking.thinking.

The began thinking logically about The began thinking logically about disease rather than believing disease rather than believing spiritual explanations. spiritual explanations.

The Romans conquered the Greeks The Romans conquered the Greeks and the medical and pharmaceutical and the medical and pharmaceutical cultures merged, it is known as the cultures merged, it is known as the Greco-Roman era. Greco-Roman era.

Greek FiguresGreek Figures

Hippocrates “The Hippocrates “The father if Medicine” father if Medicine” was a philosopher, was a philosopher, Physician and Physician and Pharmacist. Pharmacist.

He liberated He liberated medicine from the medicine from the mythical “Bad mythical “Bad Spirits”Spirits”

He also wrote the He also wrote the Oath of HypocritesOath of Hypocrites

Early copy of the Hippocratic Early copy of the Hippocratic OathOath

TheophrastusTheophrastus

Known as the Known as the “Father of Botany” “Father of Botany”

He studied the adverse affects of

plants

ParacelsusParacelsus

ParacelsusParacelsus

Theophrastus Theophrastus Phillippus Aureolus Phillippus Aureolus Bombastus von Bombastus von HohenheimHohenheim

Swiss born Swiss born physician who physician who believed in believed in chemical treatment chemical treatment of disease rather of disease rather than botanical.than botanical.

Roman pharmacy titlesRoman pharmacy titles

Pharmacopeia: Maker of remediesPharmacopeia: Maker of remediesPharmacotritae: Drug GrindersPharmacotritae: Drug GrindersUnguentarii: Makers of ointmentsUnguentarii: Makers of ointmentsPigmentarii: Maker of cosmeticsPigmentarii: Maker of cosmeticsPharmacopolae: Seller of drugsPharmacopolae: Seller of drugsAromatarii: Dealers of spicesAromatarii: Dealers of spicesPharmacist of today had not yet Pharmacist of today had not yet

evolvedevolved

The Arabian InfluenceThe Arabian Influence

Major advances in this eraMajor advances in this eraFormularies: The continuation of Formularies: The continuation of

documentation of drug information.documentation of drug information.They also had different drug forms They also had different drug forms

which are now used: Syrups, which are now used: Syrups, Conserves, Confections and juleps.Conserves, Confections and juleps.

The first Pharmacy shop in the world The first Pharmacy shop in the world was in Baghdad about 792 A.D.was in Baghdad about 792 A.D.

The Renaissance 1350- 1650 The Renaissance 1350- 1650 A.D.A.D.

(End of the ancient era) (End of the ancient era) Pharmacy became separated from Pharmacy became separated from

medicine.medicine.Pharmacy Regulation began.Pharmacy Regulation began.University education for pharmacists University education for pharmacists

was now required.was now required.More and new drugs were imported More and new drugs were imported

from the orient.from the orient.New chemicals were introduced.New chemicals were introduced.

Renaissance (Ancient Era)Renaissance (Ancient Era)

Guilds we formed for the profession of Pharmacy.Guilds we formed for the profession of Pharmacy. Physicians did not take pharmacists seriously.Physicians did not take pharmacists seriously. In small towns they were put in the same guild as In small towns they were put in the same guild as

spicers.spicers.

Renaissance SummaryRenaissance Summary

Pharmacy became separated from Pharmacy became separated from PhysiciansPhysicians

Achieved professional StatusAchieved professional StatusExtensive pharmaceutical literature Extensive pharmaceutical literature

was createdwas createdUniversity education requirementsUniversity education requirementsNew chemicals were introducedNew chemicals were introduced

Important people of the Ancient Important people of the Ancient EraEra

Hippocrates: The father of medicine wrote Hippocrates: The father of medicine wrote the Oath of Hippocrates “ Hippocratic Oath the Oath of Hippocrates “ Hippocratic Oath physicians still take today.physicians still take today.

Theophrastus: Father of botany Theophrastus: Father of botany Experimented with many types of plants Experimented with many types of plants as medications.as medications.

Paracelsus – Believed in chemical made Paracelsus – Believed in chemical made medications and discounted herbal and medications and discounted herbal and botanical medications.botanical medications.

The Empiric era 1600-1940The Empiric era 1600-1940

Pharmacopeias were used to protect Pharmacopeias were used to protect public health. (Table 1-1 pg 5)public health. (Table 1-1 pg 5)

Roots, Bark, Herbs Flowers etc. were Roots, Bark, Herbs Flowers etc. were used and controlled by the used and controlled by the government.government.

They questioned the toxicological They questioned the toxicological affects on the human body.affects on the human body.

Created interest in testing of drugs Created interest in testing of drugs and how they affected the body.and how they affected the body.

Empiric Era Cont.Empiric Era Cont.

In 1751 Benjamin In 1751 Benjamin Franklin started the Franklin started the first hospitalfirst hospital

In Pennsylvania, In Pennsylvania, PA. It was moved PA. It was moved but still stands but still stands today.today.

Empiric Era Cont.Empiric Era Cont.

The first hospital pharmacist to work The first hospital pharmacist to work in that hospital was Jonathan in that hospital was Jonathan Roberts.Roberts.

William ProctorWilliam Proctor ““The father of The father of

American Pharmacy”American Pharmacy” Spent most of his life Spent most of his life

to the advancement to the advancement of pharmacy.of pharmacy.

He owned an He owned an apothecary shop, apothecary shop, teacher, editor and a teacher, editor and a scientist.scientist.

New drugs and chemicals New drugs and chemicals

Science grew in the 17Science grew in the 17thth and 18 and 18thth centuries Many new drugs and centuries Many new drugs and chemicals were identified.chemicals were identified.

Nitrogen, Chlorine, Zinc, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Chlorine, Zinc, Oxygen, Atropine, Quinine, Caffeine, Atropine, Quinine, Caffeine, Morphine, Codeine, Penicillin, Morphine, Codeine, Penicillin, Testosterone, Phenobarbital Niacin.Testosterone, Phenobarbital Niacin.

Industrialization EraIndustrialization Era

Civil WarCivil War World War IWorld War I

Industrial EraIndustrial Era

More people needed drugs for injuries More people needed drugs for injuries and illnesses from the wars, so mass and illnesses from the wars, so mass production of medications were made production of medications were made

through through

industrial machinesindustrial machines..

Industrial EraIndustrial Era

Scientific research was also growing in Scientific research was also growing in the industrial era. Investigations into the industrial era. Investigations into medicines and their effects were medicines and their effects were studied.studied.

Due to all the research many new Due to all the research many new drugs and uses of old drugs were being drugs and uses of old drugs were being used which caused more reactions and used which caused more reactions and interactions with medications. Which is interactions with medications. Which is why the patient care era is called that.why the patient care era is called that.

Patient Care EraPatient Care Era

New problems – Complications like New problems – Complications like allergic reactions, multiple drug allergic reactions, multiple drug interactions with other drugs and food.interactions with other drugs and food.

Increased the therapeutic duties of Increased the therapeutic duties of patient care in the pharmacies and patient care in the pharmacies and hospitals.hospitals.

Biotechnology Era Biotechnology Era Now to the futureNow to the future

DNA AND GENETIC TECHNOLOGYDNA AND GENETIC TECHNOLOGY

Biotechnology EraBiotechnology Era

Gene therapy is being conducted. Some diseases Gene therapy is being conducted. Some diseases are linked to genetic defects. Modifying the genetic are linked to genetic defects. Modifying the genetic makeup of people may prevent or cure diseases.makeup of people may prevent or cure diseases.

Reincomant DNA technology: Reincomant DNA technology: Recombinant Recombinant DNADNA is a form of synthetic is a form of synthetic DNA that is that is engineered through the combination or engineered through the combination or insertion of one or more DNA strands, insertion of one or more DNA strands, thereby combining thereby combining DNA sequences that that would not normally occur together. Genetic would not normally occur together. Genetic modification.modification.