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BS 536STUDIES ON TALL BUILDINGS: DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

Fall 2009-2010

Case Study: Petronas Towersby

Bu ra Tetik

Submitted to: Assoc.Prof.Dr. Mehmet Halis GünelArch. H.Emre Ilg n (MSc.)

MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITYDEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE / BUILDING SCIENCE PROGRAM

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BS536S: DESIGN CONSIDERATIO

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I. IntroductionII. Architectural DescriptionIII. Structural DescriptionIV. Special DescriptionV. References

Outline

P2:www.wikipedia.com

P1:Baker, Philippa (ed.). Architecture andPolyphony: Building in the Islamic WorldToday. Retrieved fromhttp://archnet.org/library/documents/one document.jsp?document_id=10229

Petronas TowersKuala Lumpur City Centre, Malaysia

Case Study: Petronas Towers by Bu ra TetikSubmitted to: Günel, Ilg n – Fall 2009

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Petronas TowersClientKuala Lumpur City CentreHoldings Sendirian BerhadArchitectCesar Pelli & Associates, USEngineersThornton Tomasetti Engineers, US, andRanhill BersekutuContractorsTower 1 – Mayjus Joint Venture:MMC Engineering & Construction Co. Ltd, MalaysiaTower 2 – SKJ Joint Venture:Samsung Engineering & Construction Co Ltd, S.Korea(Ref. b)

The Petronas Towers were designed to be the centrepieceof a larger complex called the Kuala Lumpur City Centre(KLCC), a mixed use development with a site area of 14.15acres, which includes the towers, two other office towers,underground parking and service facilities. The project siteis well located in the heart of the commercial district of thecity, the ‘Golden Triangle’. (Ref. c)

P3: Abada, Galal. (2004). Petronas office towers[On site review report]. Retrieved fromhttp://archnet.org/library/files/one file.jsp?file_id=1403

Case Study: Petronas Towers by Bu ra TetikSubmitted to: Günel, Ilg n – Fall 2009

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6IntroductionUse: OfficeStatus: CompletedGlobal ranking: Petronas Twin Towers werethe world's tallest buildings from 1998 to 2004.Preceded by Willis Tower Surpassed by Taipei 101Material: CompositeHeight: 1,483 ft (452 meters)Official Opening: August 28, 1999Construction April 1993–August 1999Site area, KLCC 40.5 hectaresSite area, Petronas and retail 5.8 hectaresBuilt area 218,000m2 each tower 994,000m2Cost US$ 800,000,000(Ref. b)

P4: Abada, Galal. (2004). Petronas office towers [On site review report].Retrieved from http://archnet.org/library/files/one file.jsp?file_id=1403METU 5.8 he

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Architectural Description

This project has received an Aga Khan Award because itrepresents a new direction in skyscraper design,featuring advanced technology while symbolizing localand national aspirations. The project embodies severalinnovations, ranging from the use of unusually highstrength concrete to facilitate a soft tube structuralsystem, to an inventive vertical transportation conceptand the integration of cutting edge energy conservationsystems. The success of this project lies in the manner inwhich it incorporates these technological innovationswhile generating a slender form that responds poeticallyto the broader landscape. The simple geometricalpattern that generates the plan not only uses spaceefficiently to maximize exposure to natural light, but alsocreates a rich spatial expression. The building hasbecome an icon that expresses the sophistication ofcontemporary Malaysian society and builds on thecountry’s rich traditions to shape a world city. (Ref. b)

P5: Ref: Pelli, Cesar, & Crosbie, Michael. (2001). Petronas twin towers:architecture of high construction. Great Britain: Wiley Academy.METU tion

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36Architectural DescriptionPelli's design answered the developer's call to express the'culture and heritage of Malaysia' by evoking Islamicarabesques and employing repetitive geometriescharacteristic of Muslim architecture. In plan, an 8 point starformed by intersecting squares is an obvious reference toIslamic design; curved and pointed bays create a scallopedfacade that suggests temple towers. The identical towers arelinked by a bridge at the 41st floor, creating a dramaticgateway to the city. (Ref. e)

www.archnet.org/library

(Ref: Pelli, Cesar, & Crosbie, Michael. (2001).Petronas twin towers: architecture of high construction.Great Britain: Wiley Academy.)

Conceptual Plan diagramsMETU BS5• The structure is high strength concrete, a materialfamiliar to Asian contractors and twice as effective assteel in sway reduction. Supported by approximately23x23m concrete cores and an outer ring of widelyspaced super columns, the towers showcase asophisticated structural system that accommodates itsslender profile and provides from 1300 to 2050 squaremeters of column free office space per floor. (Ref. c)

• Other features include a curtain wall of glass andstainless steel sun shades to diffuse the intenseequatorial light; a double decker elevator system witha sky lobby transfer point on the 41st floor toaccommodate the thousands of people who use thecomplex daily. (Ref. d)

Architectural DescriptionThe identical towers are linked by a bridge at the41st floor, creating a dramatic gateway to the city.

Abada, Galal. (2004). Petronas office towers [On site review report].Retrieved from http://archnet.org/library/files/one file.jsp?file_id=1403


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Architectural Plan(typical)Level 43

Typical Floor Plans

Architectural Plan(typical)Level 76(Ref: Pelli, Cesar, & Crosbie, Michael. (2001).

Petronas twin towers: architecture of highconstruction. Great Britain: Wiley Academy. )MArcchitectural an

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Tower One: Petronas Headquarters’ o ces.Tower Two: Mostly private tenants, KLCC Holdings’offices, some vacant areas for rent.Total gross oor area: 218,000 square metres in eachtower, eighty eight storeys.Total net oor area: 119,300 square metres in eachtower, height: 452 metres.Typical oor to floor height: 4.0 metres.Finished ceiling height: 2.65 metres.Raised oor: 125 millimetres, levels eight–seventy two.Sky bridge: centre line span, 58.44 metres; width, 5.29metres: height, 9.45 metres; 170 metres above streetlevel.Height of pinnacles: 73.5 75 metres.

(Ref. c)

Baker, Philippa (ed.). Architecture and Polyphony:Building in the Islamic World Today. Retrieved from

http://archnet.org/library/documents/one document.jsp?document_id=10229

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BS536 The structure of the building consists of a dualsystem consisting of reinforced concrete corewall system, and exterior reinforced concretecolumns. The floor framing system consists ofcomposite steel framing system. A compositemetal deck frames between the steel beams,and acts compositely with them. Reinforcedconcrete was selected as the primary structuralmaterial for the lateral resisting system as usedextensively in the tower because of itsavailability and availability of skilled labor inMalaysia in particular and South east Asia ingeneral. (Ref. i)

The structural frame for each of the main towersconsists of sixteen cylindrical high strengthconcrete perimeter columns connected by ahaunched ring beam at each level. Thishaunching allows for the passage of mechanicalsystems at the center span of the beam. Thisframe is tied back to the structural elevator coreat the thirty eighth and fortieth floors byconcrete outrigger beams. (Ref. a)

Structural Description

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• The core is constructed with added strength at thecorners to help resist the moment created by lateral windforces. Two essentially solid sheer walls cross within thecore to further increase its stiffness. The grade ofconcrete is consistent between the perimeter columnsand structural core and ranges from 80 MPa at the baseto 40 MPa at the top. (Ref. a)

• Various approaches were explored in developing theoverall structural system of the Petronas towers. Thescheme being implemented consists of cast in placeperimeter frame with sixteen columns and cast in placeconcrete core. (Ref. f)

• Outrigger beams at mid height of the structure providesadditional stiffness to the structure. The concrete usedvaries in three steps from grade 80 at the lower floors tograde 40 at the upper floors. Grade 80 is specified up tolevel 22 for the 2.4m diameter reinforced concretecolumns. The floor system consists of cast in placeconcrete slab on ribbed metal deck to act compositelywith filled concrete, supported on steel beams. (Ref. f)


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Structural AxonometricShowing Level 38Drawn by Bu ra Tetik

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Concrete grades for the ring beams follow thegrades in the columns to avoid confusion in thefield and possible waste in the concrete pumplines. Each Tower has one central core for all lifts,tower exit stairs and mechanical services. Coredesign resulted in two virtually solid walls runningnorth south and one running east west makingthe core quite stiff and efficient. Concrete gradevaries in three steps from 80 Mpa to 40 Mpa.(Ref. f)

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What is Outrigger System?

According to Taranath:

The core outrigger system also known as the belt trusssystem which the axial stiffness of the perimetercolumns is invoked for increasing the resistance tooverturning moments.

This efficient structural form consists of a core,comprising either braced frames of shear walls, withhorizontal cantilever outrigger trusses or girdersconnecting the core to the outer columns. The coremay be centrally located with outriggers extending onboth sides or it may be located on one side of thebuilding with outriggers extending to the buildingcolumns on one side.

Section of TowersDrawn by Bu ra Tetikn the light of ref:d

Section shows vertical circulation shafts by colored verticalbars and also shows hvac floors. Outriggers located on midhvac floor between level 38 40. That location approximatelyequals to 0,455H as appropirate to Taranath.METU

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6Structural Description


StructuralPlan Diagram Structural Section Diagram

Section area is getting thiner while the buildingis rising. It is about aerodynamic concerns.

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gram Climatic Performance

The Petronas Towers respond remarkably well to the tropicalclimate of Kuala Lumpur using several techniques. The glasscurtain walls have stainless steel sunshades to diffuse theintense equatorial light. These ‘tropical walls, minimize theheat and glare entering the building but at the same time theyreflect the play of light and shadow, expressing the tropicalenvironment.

The use of tinted laminated glass also helps to reduce heatgain from the sunlight and ultraviolet (UV) transmission.However, it was noticed that in some offices natural light is notsufficient to light the spaces and occupants have to useartificial lighting.

The use of exhaust air to pre cool and dehumidify fresh, warmair, has proved to be highly cost effective as it reduces theamount of energy required to air condition the building by 50per cent.

Special Description

Photographs of Petronas Towershttp://archnet.org/library/files/one file.jsp?file_id=1283

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Although Sears tower looks like higherthan Petronas, officially Petronas towersare higher. On top of the sears tower areradio and tv antennas, the "spires" onthe Petronas towers are part of theactual building, therefore adding to theheight. Radio antennas and such do notcount for height.

Ref: Pelli, Cesar, & Crosbie, Michael. (2001).Petronas twin towers: architecture of highconstruction. Great Britain: Wiley Academy.http://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=22METU

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(a) Pollalis, Spiro. (2002). International cooperation and information transfer in therealization of the world’s tallest buildings. Retrieved fromhttp://www.cdi.gsd.harvard.edu/

(b) Baker, Philippa (ed.). Architecture and Polyphony: Building in the Islamic WorldToday. The Aga Khan Award for Architecture, The Ninth Award Cycle. London:Thames and Hudson; Geneva: The Aga Khan Award for Architecture, 2004.Retrieved from http://archnet.org/library/documents/onedocument.jsp?document_id=10229

(c) Abada, Galal. (2004). Petronas office towers [On site review report]. Retrievedfrom http://archnet.org/library/files/one file.jsp?file_id=1403

(d) Pelli, Cesar, & Crosbie, Michael. (2001). Petronas twin towers: architecture ofhigh construction. Great Britain: Wiley Academy.

References

Ref: Pelli, Cesar, & Crosbie, Michael. (2001).Petronas twin towers: architecture of highconstruction. Great Britain: Wiley Academy.

(e) Willis, Carol. (2004). The Petronas towers. Retrieved fromhttp://www.skyscraper.org/TALLEST_TOWERS/t_petronas.htm

(f) Naidu, Kribanandan Gurusamy. (1995). The Petronas tower: the world's tallestbuilding. CPAC SEMINAR 95

(g) Pelli, Cesar. http://www.pcparch.com/#/projects/headquarters/petronastowers/description/

(h)Taranath, Bungale S. (2005). Structural analysis and design. Newyork: dekker.(i) Kim, Jae Ho, & Lee, Seung Hoon. (2004). Application of high performance

concrete in petronas twin tower, klcc. CTBUH Seoul, Korea, 10. Retrieved fromhttp://www.ctbuh.org/Publications/TechnicalPapers/tabid/71/language/enUS/Default.aspx

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