Shidarta
Persaingan Usaha
& Perlindungan
Konsumen
Pelaku Usaha dan Konsumen
End-/Ultimate Consumer
Intermediate Consumer 2
Intermediate Consumer 1
Principal
Pembedaan Klasikal 2 area hukum
End-/Ultimate Consumer
Intermediate Consumer 2a
Intermediate Consumer 1a
Principal A
Intermediate Consumer 2b
Intermediate Consumer 1b
Principal B
Siapa Konsumen?
Consumers by definition
include us all...!(Kennedy)
Siapa “KONSUMEN”?
UU No. 5 Tahun 1999:Konsumen adalah setiap pemakai dan atau pegguna barang dan atau jasa baik untuk kepentingan diri sendiri maupun untuk kepentingan pihak lain.
UU No. 8 Tahun 1999:Konsumen adalah SETIAP ORANG pemakai barang dan/atau jasa yang tersedia dalam masyarakat, baik bagi kepentingan diri sendiri, keluarga, orang lain, maupun mahluk hidup lain dan tidak untuk diperdagangkan.
Haruskan konsumen itu individu?
• Apakah benar BADAN USAHA dapat menjadi konsumen akhir?
• Peraturan Menteri Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral Nomor 19 Tahun 2008 tentang Pedoman dan Tata Cara Perlindungan Konsumen pada Kegiatan Usaha Hilir Minyak dan Gas Bumi:
Pasal 1 Butir 2:
KONSUMEN pada Kegiatan Usaha Hilir Minyak dan Gas Bumi, selanjutnya disebut KONSUMEN HILIR MIGAS adalah setiap ORANG dan/atau BADAN USAHA pemakai barang dan/atau jasa hasil kegiatan usaha hilir minyak dan gas bumi yang tersedia dalam masyarakat baik bagi kepentingan diri sendiri, keluarga, orang lain maupun mahluk hidup lain dan tidak untuk diperdagangkan.
Perbandingan dengan Australia
• Mempertegas “ultimate consumer”.
Bandingkan dengan Trade Practices Act 1974
AUSTRALIA
1. For the purpose of this Act, unless the contrary intention appears---
(a) A person shall be taken to have acquired particular goods as a consumer if, and only if:
(i) the price of goods did not exceed the prescribed amount; or
(ii) where that price exceeded the prescribed amount---the goods were of a kind ordinarily acquired for personal, domestic or household use or consumption or the goods consisted of a commercial road vehicle, and the person did notacquire the goods, or hold himself out as acquiring the goods, for the purpose of re-supply or ...etc.
(Berlaku juga untuk jasa)
Perbandingan dengan Australia
Bandingkan dengan Trade Practices Act 1974
AUSTRALIA
2. For the purpose of sub-section (1)
(a) the prescribed amount is $40,000 or, if a
greater amount is prescribed for the purpose of
this paragraph, that greater amount; ...
• UU No. 5 & No. 8 Tahun 1999
Pelaku usaha adalah setiap orang
per[se]orangan atau badan usaha, baik
yang berbentuk badan hukum maupun
bukan badan hukum yang didirikan dan
berkedudukan atau melakukan kegiatan
dalam wilayah hukum negara RI, baik
sendiri maupun bersama-sama melalui
perjanjian menyelenggarakan kegiatan
usaha dalam [berbagai] bidang ekonomi.
Konsumen vs Pelaku Usaha”?
• Seberapa konsumen dapat melindungi
dirinya sendiri?
• Seberapa konsumen membutuhkan
pasar dalam persaingan yang sehat?
Contoh ruang lingkup perlindungan
pada satu produk
Memenuhi Standar
Nasional IndonesiaTidak meniru
merek lain
Isi sesuai label
(berat, komposisi, dll.)Ramah
lingkungan
Iklan tidak
menyesatkan
Tidak ada
cacat tersembunyi
Ada keterangan
tentang
produsen/importir
Tidak ada
klaim berlebihan
Ada kode produksi,
kadualuarsa, dll.
Tidak melanggar
UU Ketenagakerjaan
Halal
Perlindungan?
Hak-hak dasar:• the right to safety
• the right to be informed
• the right to choose
• the right to be heard.
Hak-hak tambahan:• the right to honesty
• the right to fair agreements
• the right to know
• the right to privacy
• etc.
Kennedy’s 1962
Consumer’s Bill of Rights
(15 March 1962)
“A special message
of protection
the consumer interest”
Resolusi PBB No. 39/248
16 April 1985 (Consumer Protection UN Guide):
1. The protection of consumers from hazards to their
health and safety;
2. the promotion and protection of the economic
interest of consumers;
3. access of consumer to adequate information to
enable them to make informed-choices according to
individual wishes and needs;
4. consumers education;
5. availability of effective consumer redress;*
6. freedom to form consumer organizations and the
opportunity of such organizations to present their
views in decision making processes effecting them.
* redress = ganti rugi
Konsumen Pelaku Usaha
Regulasi. Etik dll.
Core Elements of Social Justice
From the Perspective of the
European Unfair Competition Law
Prof. Dr. Stefan Koos
Universität der Bundeswehr München
Prof. Dr. Stefan Koos | Seite 3
Structure of the Referate
• Introduction and Framework
• Evolution of the Unfair Competition Law
• Examples of Social Aspects in the Unfair Competition Law
• Result
Prof. Dr. Stefan Koos | Seite 2
What means„Social“ in Competition Law?
Social-institutional Function Private-Individual Function
Social Justice
Consumer Protection Environmental Protection
Prof. Dr. Stefan Koos | Seite 4
From Personality Right to Institutional Protection
„The contemporary economy, which makes that the individuum as
an individuum is a self-deciding bearer of production and traffic,
must be defined through the personality right. After this the
economy is in an individualistic way free, but in that way, that the
personality must not be touched. Any economyc activity of the one
has to keep itself within the limits, that is required by the
personality of the other. The Personality of anyone however
demands that he is not harmed or suppressed by misleading
indecent means.“
Kohler, Der Unlautere Wettbewerb (Berlin 1914), p. 17.
Right of the Legal Subject (Legal Entity)
- participation -
Personal Freedom (Personality) Social Responsibilty
Social Law Understanding
of the Civil Law Subjective Right (Fezer)
Ethic Foundation of the Private Law (Fezer)
Subjective right as instrument to ensure personal freedom
within the pluralistic social order (freedom optimising funct.)
Prof. Dr. Stefan Koos | Seite 10
Social Function of Unfair Competition Law
Elements
• ´Socialization´ of Individual Interests as Instrument of Market Control
• Consumer Protection as direct – not indirect - Purpose of the Law
• Reduction of Asymmetries of Information between Trader and Consumer
Location of Unfair Competition Law in the Competition Law System
24
Undistorted Competition
Weakening of effective competition through
unfair competition behavior (also market
Structure relevance offences included)
§ 1 german UWG: This Act shall serve the purpose of protecting
competitors, consumers and other market participants against
unfair commercial practices. At the same time, it shall protect the
interests of the public in undistorted competition
Integrative concept of protection purpose:
Competitors
Consumers
Institution of Competition
=> Law against unfair competition
Protection of Business Performance
Individual Interest
effective competition - Institution of Competition
Regulation of the monopolistic impacts of
protection rights
Industrial Property Rights
Trademark Law
Patent Law
Copyright
Unfair Competition Law
Restrictions to the competition through agreements, misuse of
market dominance and mergers -> Protection of Competition
Freedom => Antitrust-Law – Market-Structure-Law
Triade of Protection Purposes
Integrative Concept of Unf.Comp.Law
working competition
of performance
Consumer interests
• Protection of consum. souvereignity
• Function of consum. to identify best
performance on the market
Competitors interests
• Freedom of offering products
• Chance to realize best performance
on the market
General interests on
avoiding market disturbance
-> differentiate:
consumer protection in
individual interest
(General Civil Law)Protection of general Interests ?
Economic Policy
Protection of middle size trade
Constitutional interest
General ethical interest
Prof. Dr. Stefan Koos
protection of
concurrents interests
protection of
consumer souvereignity
• partially harmonized
• i.e. comparative advertisement
• misleading commercial acts B2B
• protection of industrial interests
• fully harmonized (B2B-Directive)
• misleading commercial acts (B2C)
• aggressive commercial acts (B2C)
26
Dualism of European Unfair Competition law
‘Unfairnis‘ in Competition Law
Sec. 3 Art. 2 Act against unfair competition:
Commercial practices targeting or reaching consumers shall be unfair if they are
not in compliance with professional diligence and are suited to materially
distorting the economic behaviour of consumers.
Sec. 3a AAUC:
Unfairness shall have occurred where a person violates a statutory provision
which is also intended to regulate market conduct in the interest of market
participants and the breach of law is suited to appreciably harming the interests
of consumers, other market participants and competitors.
Consumer ProtectionBusiness Practices against Consumers (EU-B2C Directive)
professional diligence – Sec 2 I No. 7 AAUC
potential to significantly impair the consumer’s souvereignty (freedom of choice)
potential to cause a transactional decision of the consumer
reference consumer
infringements of the prohibitions in the „Black List“ (Sec 3 III + Annex AAUC)
are always forbidden, without test of the influence to the consumer souvereignity
Misleading Commercial Acts
Aggressive Commercial Acts
Prof. Dr. Stefan Koos
Consumer Protection
Who is the Reference Consumer?
Sec.3 IV AAUC: When assessing commercial practices in relation to consumers
reference shall be made to the average consumer or, when the commercial practice is
directed towards a particular group of consumers, to the average member of that group.
Commercial practices which are likely to materially distort the economic behaviour only
of a clearly identifiable group of consumers who are particularly vulnerable to these
practices or the underlying goods or services because of their mental or physical
infirmity, age or credulity in a way which the entrepreneur could reasonably be expected
to foresee shall be assessed from the perspective of the average member of that group.
Role Model of the reasonably well-informed
and reasonably observant and circumspect consumer
29
Who sues infringements of
fair competition?Comparative: Activelegitimation in German UWG
Competitor
concrete
competition relation
between infringer and
infringed competitor
Consumer
not directly -
only through consumer
protection associations
different: consumer protection
in general civil law!
-> Private enforcement of unfair competition infringements
Prof. Dr. Stefan Koos
The European Consumer Information Concept
the Right of Product Information
Sec 5a II/III UWG- Misleading by omission
closeness to the contract conclusion
amount of
information
to be given
by
competitor depending on the product and the
communication medium used
31
Prof. Dr. Stefan Koos | Seite 10
Relevant Informations to Give to the Consumers § 5a UWG
Socially Fair Production Aspects and Environmental Relating Aspects
to be Revealed to the Consumer?
Interest in effective advertisement
Right not to criticise the own product
Trader Consumer
Interest in well informed business decision
evaluation
Some Examples of the Judicative
on the Reference Consumer
Chicken Clucking (BGH 1961)
Some Examples
EuGH 1994 C-315/92
EuGH 1995 C-470/93
34
Prof. Dr. Stefan Koos | Seite 10
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