Warwick Crop Centre ! ! ! "! #$! %&' "#&"( ' )*+)! &&,
Pecha Kucha
The use of wild species for crop improvement:Brassica and Lettuce
Graham Teakle
Lettuce downy mildew
Cabbage root fly
Diamond-back mothCurrant lettuce aphid
Pests and diseases
Diamond-back moth caterpillar damage
Agrochemicals
Breed varieties that require less inputs
• Less fertiliser
• Genetic resistance to pests and disease
Sources of genetic variation
• Other varieties
• Genebanks
But often can’t find required traits
The breeding genepool of crops generally has a narrow
genetic base compared to the wider species genepool
A
AD
D
D
B
B
B
C
C
C
E
E
EF
F
F
F
Species GenepoolSelection during
Domestication
B
B CF
F
F
AFA
C E
E C
C
D
Crop type 1(e.g. Cauliflower)
Crop type 2(e.g. Broccoli)
Crop type 3(e.g. Cabbage)
Crop Genepools
CC
G
G
G
D
F
Species No. Accessions Tested
No. Chloroplast haplotypes
H*
B. bourgaei 1 1 -
B. cretica 9 6 0.74
B. hilarionis 4 2 -
B. incana 11 2 0.17
B. insularis 4 3 -
B. macrocarpa 16 4 0.41
B. montana 3 1 -
B. oleracea 105 4 0.07
B. rupestris 4 3 -
B. villosa 13 6 0.78
*H (diversity index) – only calculated where nine or more accessions tested
Cytoplasmic diversity in C-genome B. species
6 chloroplast SSRs used to type 171 individuals of 10 C-genome Brassica species
Majority are from BolDFFS
SNP s on the Wild C genome DFFS
Montana(4)
Macrocarpa (17)
Cretica (8)
Bourgaei (1)
Insularis (2)
Atlantica (2)
Incana (10)
Alboglabra (1)
Hilarionis (2)
Oleracea (21)
Rupestris (4)
Villosa-0.2 -0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Coordinate 1
-0.2
-0.1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
Co
ord
ina
te 2
Wild speciesrelatives
How edible are wild species?
Challenges to using wild species
• Getting plants to flower
• Fertile hybrids with crop varieties
• Getting rid of traits you don’t want
• Identifying useful traits
Species
No. founder
accessions
Founders
with F1 Seed
Founders
with F2 seed
Founders with
fixed lines
Total DH
lines
B. alboglabra 1 1 1 1 20
B. atlantica 2 2 2 1 3
B. balaerica 1 0 0
B. bourgei 1 1 1 1 3
B. cretica 8 8 8 6 29
B. hilarionis 3 2 2 1 4
B. incana 10 10 10 5 22
B. insularis 2 2 2 1 2
B. macrocarpa 16 16 15 2 4
B. maurorum 1 0 0
B. montana 3 3 3 3 25
B. oleracea 24 24 21 12 32
B. rupestris 4 4 4 1 2
B. villosa 13 13 9 1 2
Total - 14 species 88 86 78 36 148
Wild C genome species diversity set
Founder plant RC B. oleraceax
F1
Microspore culture
Doubled haploid lines
Genotype
89 Founder Lines
SNP marker analysis of Brassica C genome
DH lines
C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8 C9 C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8 C9 C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8 C9 C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8 C9
C10032 C10041 C10043 C10048
AGSL150 genotype – blue; C04001 genotype – red
Diamond Back Moth resistance screening
BestCgDHline
0"
1"
2"
3"
4"
5"
6"
7"
8"
9"
10"
11"
12"
13"
14"
15"
16"
17"
Bol14"
Bol46"
Bol19"
Bol32"
Bol12"
Bol16"
Bol20"
Bol25"
Bol21"
Bol47"
Bol04"
Bol28"
Bol41"
Bol34"
Skyw
alker"
CDH01"
Bol09"
Bol26"
Bol01"
Bol15"
Bol18"
Bol42"
Bol48"
Bol49"
Bol10"
Bol24"
Bol05"
Bol11"
Bol31"
Bol43"
Bol39"
Bol36"
Bol45"
Bol23"
Bol06"
Bol08"
Bol29"
Bol33"
Bol40"
Bol44"
Bol35"
Bol07"
Bol17"
Bol37"
Bol30"
Bol38"
Bol03"
Bol02"
Bol22"
Number larvae - B. oleracea
0
5
10
15
20
25
CDH22
CDH32
CDH23
CDH21
CDH31
CDH24
CDH48
CDH51
CDH34
CDH20
CDH18
CDH35
CDH39
CDH30
CDH45
CDH44
CDH06
CDH02
CDH25
CDH28
CDH04
CDH13
CDH17
CDH19
CDH42
CDH01
CDH43
CDH36
CDH52
CDH05
CDH10
CDH37
CDH38
Skyw
alker
CDH12
CDH49
CDH50
CDH14
CDH09
CDH41
CDH29
CDH33
CDH46
CDH47
CDH03
CDH26
CDH07
CDH11
CDH15
CDH27
CDH08
CDH40
CDH16
Number of larvae - wild species
BestBolDFFS
Lettuce DFS line
95961485879222629384 2 17138375460 857 9616440 53251161024687015421781593677734356 73527346321295844 386282512 41326757488119091318923336730691878794982193941474850834576528046 653729466205565
Me
an
N.
rib
isn
igri
co
un
t
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
Identifying resistance to Lettuce-currant aphid (Nasonovia ribisnigri)
Mapping traits of interest
• Making segregating populations to perform mapping
Linked genetic markers used in breeding• Select gene of interest• Remove undesirable alleles resulting from linkage drag
Summary
• Wild species are an underexploited resource for new traits
• There are a number of significant challenges to their utilisation
• At Warwick we are developing the capability to effectively do this through:
New genetic resources Phenotyping techniques Genomics to identify the genes