Name: _______________________________________________________ Period: ____________ Date: _________________________CHAPTER 3: MEMBRANES and INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
3.1: Body Membranes
• Body membranes ____________________________ and ______________________________ the body’s surfaces.
• Epithelial membranes
– mucous membranes
– serous membranes
– cutaneous membranes
• Connective tissue membranes
– synovial membranes
Epithelial Membranes
• Mucous membranes
– Line cavities _______________________________________________________
– These cavities include all the hollow organs of the _______________________________, ___________________________, _______________________________, and _______________________________________.
– The mucous membranes are _______________________________________
– Mucus is a slippery solution that _______________________________ the mucous membranes and _______________________________________________________________________.
• Serous membranes
– Line cavities ____________________________________________________________
– These include:
• _________________________________________________________________________________________________
• _________________________________________________________________________________________________
• _________________________________________________________________________________________________
– Each serous membrane forms ______________________________________________________________________
• The outer lining of each body cavity is called the _________________________________________
• The inner lining that covers each organ within a body cavity is called the ______________________________________________________
– Serous membranes secrete a thin, clear fluid called ______________________________________________ between the __________________________________________________________________________________________
• Cutaneous membranes
– Forms what we know as _________________________
– The basic structure of skin is a _____________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________________
– Although the skin contains sweat glands, it is a ___________________________________________________
Connective Tissue Membranes
• Synovial membrane
– This is the only type of membrane in the body that is composed solely of connective tissue and includes no epithelial cells.
• lines the capsules that surround synovial joints, such as ________________________________
• _________________________________________________________________________________________
• Secretes synovial fluid which provides ____________________________________________________
3.2: The Integumentary System
Functions of the Integumentary System
• The skin forms a protective cover against
– ________________________________________________________________________________
– ________________________________________________________________________________
– ________________________________________________________________________________
– ________________________________________________________________________________
• The skin’s outermost layer contains _________________________________________, a tough protein also found in ____________________________________________________________________________.
• Regulates body temperature due to the extensive array of tiny capillaries and sweat glands that lie near the surface of the skin.
– When the body is overheated, ______________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________
– When the environment is cold, _____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________
Anatomy of the Skin
• The skin has two layers
– an outer _______________________________________________
– an underlying _________________________________________
• The epidermis and dermis are ______________________________________________________________________ and ___________________________________________________________________________________________
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• Beneath the dermis is the ______________________________________, or subcutaneous fascia, which serves as ____________________________________________________________________
• The ____________________________________________________________, but it ________________________________________ ______________________________________________. It also __________________________________________________________ against extreme external temperatures.
Layers of the Epidermis
Epidermis
– Is the __________________________ of skin that we see.
– It contains five layers of tissue: from superficial to deep (the outside going in),
• ________________________________________________
• ________________________________________________
• ________________________________________________
• ________________________________________________
• ________________________________________________
– All epidermal layers consist of cells _______________________________________________________________
– The innermost layer, the stratum Basale, absorbs nutrients from the adjacent, underlying dermis.
– Stratum Basale:
• ________________________________________________________________. As new cells germinate, they are pushed toward the surface and away from nutrients. ____________________________________________
• ____________________________________________, specialized cells that ___________________________ ____________________________________________Melanin, which ranges in color from reddish yellow to brown and black, is primarily ___________________________________________________
– Stratum spinosum / granulosum:
• Moving up through the stratum spinosum and granulosum, cells become progressively ________________________________________________________________, which _______________________________________________________________________
– Stratum Lucidum:
• This is a _______________________________________________ found only on the __________________ ________________________, ________________________, __________________________, and ______________.
– Stratum Corneum:
• This is __________________________________________________, consists of dead cells that are _____________________________________________________________________________________________
• The epidermis completely replaces itself every __________________________________________ 3
• The epidermis contains specialized cells:
– ____________________________________________________ respond to the presence of foreign bacteria or viruses.
– ________________________________________, located in the stratum Basale, function as touch receptors.
Dermis
• The dermis, or “______________________________,” is a dense, fibrous connective tissue composed of collagen and elastic fibers.
– The collagen fibers provide _______________________ and __________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________
– The ________________________________________ are what ______________________________________________, without wrinkles or sagging
• The outer layer of the dermis is the ___________________________________________
• Some of the dermal papillae contain capillaries that _____________________________________________________. Other dermal papillae _______________________________________________________________________________________
– These papillae form genetically determined, _____________________________________________________, ___________________________________________________________________________________. These papillae patterns on the fingers _____________________________________________________________________________.
• Underneath the papillary layer lies the reticular layer of the dermis. The reticular layer includes:
– _________________________________________________________________
– _________________________________________________________________
– _________________________________________________________________
– _________________________________________________________________
– _________________________________________________________________
Hypodermis
• The hypodermis, or subcutaneous fascia, includes ___________________________________________ and ______________________________ (fatty) tissue.
• It is within the hypodermis that lipocytes or fat cells, reside.
– Some amount of body ____________________________________________________________________________ the interior of the body.
– Fat also serves as a ______________________________________________________
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Appendages of the Skin
• Sudoriferous (sweat) glands
– _________________________________________________________________
– _________________________________________________________________________________________________________
• Sebaceous glands
– _________________________________________________________________
• __________________________________________
• ___________________________________________
3.3: Injuries and Disorders of the Skin
Injuries of the Skin
• Decubitus ulcers
– These are commonly known as _________________________________
– They are caused by an area of ____________________________________________________________________ to one or more areas of the body.
– Without the normal blood supply to provide nutrients and oxygen, the skin cells die.
– ______________________________________________ is an important factor in both the prevention and healing of bedsores.
• Burns
– These are injuries that can ____________________________________________________________, ____________________________________________, electricity, or ____________________________________________
– Vary in severity:
• First-degree burns:
– affect only the __________________________________________________
– involve reddening of the skin and mild pain,
– ______________________________________________________________
– Most types of sunburn are first-degree burns.
• Second-degree burns:
– involve damage to ____________________________________________________ and the _____________________________________________________________________________
– characterized by ________________________________, fluid-filled pockets that form between the epidermal and dermal layers.
– painful and ________________________________________ than first-degree burns.
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• Third-degree burns:
– the most serious type of skin burn
– _______________________________________________________________
– initially not painful because the ____________________________________________________ _________________________________________Later, scarring and pain will occur.
– cannot heal on its own because the ________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________ Treatment involves grafting skin over the damaged area.
• Clinicians use ___________________________________________ (pg. 5) to estimate the extent of burned tissue. The percentage of total body surface area covered by burns is approximated as follows:
– _________________________________________________________________________________________________________
– _________________________________________________________________________________________________________
– _________________________________________________________________________________________________________
– _________________________________________________________________________________________________________
– _________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Infections of the Skin and Membranes
• Viral infections
– Produce small, ____________________________________________________
– Once a herpes infection is present, it lasts for the rest of a person’s life.
– Fortunately, herpes infections tend to _______________________________________________________
• ____________________________________________________________________
• ____________________________________________________________________
• ____________________________________________________________________
– _______________________________________________________________
– _______________________________________________________________
– Human papillomavirus (HPV)
• ____________________________________________________________________
• Fungal infections
– _________________________________________________________________________________
– They tend to be more prevalent during warm weather,
– They are more common in individuals whose work or sporting activities involve frequent periods of sweating.
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• ____________________________________________________________________
– characterized by cracked, flaky skin between the toes or on the side of the foot.
• ____________________________________________________________________
– primarily affects males around the groin and scrotum.
• ____________________________________________________________________
– does not involve any type of worm.
– red ring-shaped rash with a pale center somewhat resembles the shape of a worm.
• ____________________________________________________________________
– infection under the nails of the fingers or toes.
– It causes discoloration and thickening of the infected nail.
• Bacterial infections
– ____________________________________________________________________
• Highly contagious staphylococcus infection common in elementary school children.
• Its symptoms are pink, blister-like bumps, usually on the face around the mouth and nose, that develop a yellowish crust before they rupture.
– ____________________________________________________________________
• Staphylococcus infection, is characterized by an inflamed area of skin that is red, swollen, and painful.
• The origin of cellulitis often is an open wound or ulceration.
Inflammatory Conditions of the Skin and Membranes
• Inflammation is a general response of bodily tissue to __________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________
• It is a protective response that involves ________________________________________________________, along with specialized cells that attack infectious agents and destroy dead tissue.
– Pleurisy
• ___________________________________________________, the membrane that lines the thoracic cavity and lungs.
• It can be caused by an infection, such as pneumonia or tuberculosis.
• makes smooth surface of pleura rough.
– Peritonitis
• _______________________________________________________________________
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• The membrane that lines the inner wall of the abdomen and covers the abdominal organs.
• Caused by the accumulation of blood, bodily fluids, or pus in the abdomen.
– Psoriasis
• _________________________________________________________________________________________________
• The condition is characterized by regions of thick, red skin with flaky, silver-white patches called scales that itch, burn, crack, and sometimes bleed
Cancers of the Skin
• Basal cell carcinoma
– the most common form of skin cancer
– It is caused by ____________________________________________________________________________ that push upward, forming dome-shaped bumps.
• Squamous cell carcinoma
– Caused by ____________________________________________________________________________________________ of the epidermis.
– Appear as a scaly, reddened patch that progresses to an ulcer-like mass with a raised border.
• malignant melanoma
– The most serious form of cancer
– ____________________________________________________________________
• ABCD rule
– The American Cancer Society advocates the ABCD rule for determining the presence of melanoma:
• ____________________________________________________________________
– The shape of the mole is irregular.
• ____________________________________________________________________
– The outside borders are not smooth.
• ____________________________________________________________________
– More than one color is present. Melanomas may contain different shades of black and brown, blues, reds, or pinks.
• ____________________________________________________________________
– The mole size is larger than about one-quarter of an inch in diameter, or larger than the diameter of a pencil.
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