ICAO PBN Operational Approval Course
PBN Operational Approval
Terminal Navigation Specifications
ICAO PBN Operational Approval Course
Navigation Specifications
Applicable to terminal area operations • RNAV 1 and RNAV 2
• RNP 1
• A-RNP
• RNP 0.3
ICAO PBN Operational Approval Course
RNAV 1 & 2
• RNAV 1 and 2 is a single navigation specification • One operational approval only • RNAV 1 and RNAV 2 approval permits operations
• On both RNAV 1 and RNAV 2 routes
• Route specification is an ANSP role
• Dependent upon the coverage of ground aids
• Not an operational approval consideration
• RNAV 1 used for SID/STAR • RNAV 2 may be used where navaid coverage is limited
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ICAO PBN Operational Approval Course
RNAV 1 and RNAV 2
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• On-board performance monitoring and alerting not req’d
• Supported by DME/DME, DME/DME/IRU or GNSS
• Accommodates majority of aircraft
• Legacy aircraft without GNSS
• Radar surveillance should be used
• Due to the lower confidence level
ICAO PBN Operational Approval Course
Migration To RNAV 1
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• RNAV 1 replaces ECAC P-RNAV and US RNAV
• If operator holds both TGL 10 and FAA AC 90-100 approvals
• RNAV 1 approval is automatic
• If operator holds only one approval
• Minor additional conditions
ICAO PBN Operational Approval Course
European Migration to RNAV 1
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ICAO PBN Operational Approval Course
US Migration to RNAV 1
If operator has AC 90-100A approval, then RNAV 1 compliant.
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ICAO PBN Operational Approval Course
RNP 1
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• RNP 1 fundamentally RNAV 1 with GNSS • On-board performance monitoring and alerting req’d
• GNSS required
• Limits participation rate to GNSS equipped aircraft • Many States now requiring RNP 1
• Radar surveillance not required • Increases applicability to any airport
• RF legs supported in 4th Edition PBN Manual
ICAO PBN Operational Approval Course
RNAV 1 & RNP 1
NAVIGATION SPECIFICATION
FLIGHT PHASE
En Route Oceanic / Remote
En Route Continental ARR
APPROACH
DEP Initial Intermed Final Missed RNAV 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
A-RNP 2 or 1 1 1 1 0.3 1 1
RNP 1 1 1 1 1 1
RNP 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3
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Applicable to SID/STAR and approach up to FAF
ICAO PBN Operational Approval Course
Supported Systems
• DME/DME
• DME/DME/IRU
• GNSS Stand-alone • TSO-C129a
• TSO-C145()
• IRS/GNSS • TSO-C129a
• TSO-C146()
• GNSS (stand-alone) • TSO-C129a
• TSO-C145()
• IRS/GNSS • TSO-C129a
• TSO-C146()
RNAV 1 RNP 1
On-Board Performance Monitoring and Alerting
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ICAO PBN Operational Approval Course
Functionality
System displays
• Distance and Bearing to active waypoint
• Groundspeed or time to active waypoint
• Distance between waypoints
• Distance to go
• Active navigation sensor type
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ICAO PBN Operational Approval Course
Displays
• Lateral deviation display scaling automatically compatible with alerting and annunciation limits when implemented
• Full scale deflection suitable for phase of flight • Course selector automatically slaved to computed path
unless map shows flight path and deviation
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Applicable to stand-alone GNSS systems in Terminal Mode XTK must be displayed on CDI/HSI in primary field of view
Terminal mode within 30NM of ARP CDI scaling automatically set to +/- 1NM Alerting automatically set to 1NM HPL
ICAO PBN Operational Approval Course
Alternative Displays
• FMS systems typically DO NOT incorporate HSI/CDI
• Navigation Map (ND) may be used
• Provided equivalent functionality
• Suitable map scale selected
• Numerical XTK may be available
• Navigation display
• CDU
• Auto-pilot/FD may be required
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ICAO PBN Operational Approval Course
Standard Functionality
• Navigation database required
• Procedure loaded by selection from database
• ‘Direct To’ function
• Automatic leg sequencing with ‘Fly-By’ or ‘Fly-Over’
• Automatically execute: • IF, CF, DF, TF
• Automatically/manually fly: • CA, FM, VA, VI, VM
• LNAV available no later than 500’ AGL
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ICAO PBN Operational Approval Course
Functionality Issues
• Pilot intervention required where functionality limited
• Typically when VNAV not integrated – Stand-alone systems
– Less capable FMS systems
• Manual intervention may be required to execute – CA, FM, VA, VI, VM
– Must be covered in operations manual and pilot training
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ICAO PBN Operational Approval Course
GNSS Functionality
• RNAV 1 and RNP 1 using stand-alone GNSS • Complies if operated in Terminal Mode (30NM)
• Terminal mode cannot be manually selected
• Dependent on correct flight plan selection
• If SID/STAR is outside 30NM • Stand-alone GNSS will revert to en-route mode (+/-5NM)
• Crew must maintain RNAV 1/RNP 1 nav tolerance
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This issue is identified in the RNP 1 NavSpec but is also applicable to RNAV 1 using stand-alone GNSS
ICAO PBN Operational Approval Course
Pre-Flight
• Check Navaid availability of RNAV 1 without GNSS
• Check GNSS availability for route if using GNSS • No gaps in availability along route > 5 mins
• Review contingency procedures
• File ‘R’ in FPL field 10
• ‘PBN/D1 to 4’ for RNAV 1 in item 18
• ‘PBN/O1 to 4’ for RNP 1 in Item 18
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Tip: Probability of gap in 1NM integrity capability with current 31 satellite configuration is remote.
ICAO PBN Operational Approval Course
Flight Plan Item 18 PBN Codes
• RNAV 1 – D1 – All permitted sensors
– D2 – GNSS
– D3 – DME/DME
– D4 – DME/DME/IRU
• RNP 1 – O1 – All permitted sensors
– O2 – GNSS
– O3 – DME/DME
– O4 – DME/DME/IRU
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Typical selections: O1 for FMS aircraft with IRS/GNSS
D4 for classic FMS aircraft without GNSS O2 for stand-alone GNSS
ICAO PBN Operational Approval Course
Operating Procedures (1)
• Confirm database is current
• Retrieve procedure from on-board database by name
• Insertion/removal of waypoints permitted
• Creation of new waypoints by manual entry NOT permitted
• Cross check cleared flight plan with chart
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ICAO PBN Operational Approval Course
Operating Procedures (2)
• Use lateral deviation indicator, flight director and/or autopilot in the LNAV mode
• Lateral deviation scaling be +/- 1nm (Terminal Mode)
• Map mode as alternative to deviation indicator
• Maintain route centreline at all times: • +/- 0.5nm on straight segments
• Up to +/- 1nm during turn entry/exit
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Note: Unless RF leg is flown, course guidance is not available during turns
ICAO PBN Operational Approval Course
Operating Procedures (3)
• Prior T/O, verify NAV system: • Correct mode or RNP 1 selected
• Correct airport, R/W and SID procedure loaded
• GNSS signal must be acquired before T/O
• DME/DME/IRU – confirm a/c position within 1000’ (0.17nm) of known position prior to roll
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Caution: Incorrect selection of SID/STAR is a serious safety concern. Attention must be placed on sound crew procedures, particularly where a
clearance is amended
ICAO PBN Operational Approval Course
Operating Procedures (4)
• Prior to Arrival, verify NAV system: – Correct mode or RNP 1 selected – Correct airport, R/W and STAR procedure loaded
• Follow ATC route modifications – Do not cancel procedure – Only insert waypoints from the database if required – Check active waypoint when rejoining procedure after
radar vectoring
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Caution: Pay special attention to VNAV when re-joining a procedure. Pilots MUST understand VNAV functionality and
ensure minimum safe altiudes are respected DCT will often negate intermediate altitude restrictions!!!!!!!
ICAO PBN Operational Approval Course
Contingency Procedures
• Notify ATC of loss of navigation capability
• Where the contingency procedure requires reversion to a conventional arrival route, necessary preparation must be completed before commencing the LNAV route
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ICAO PBN Operational Approval Course
Training
Pilot Knowledge: • RNAV and RNP procedure characteristics
• GNSS principles
• Area navigation principles, waypoint types and path terminators
• Required navigation equipment
• System-specific information
• Operating procedures including how to perform specific actions
• Operator-recommended levels of automation
• Phraseology for applications
• Contingency procedures
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ICAO PBN Operational Approval Course
Certification Documentation
• FAA Order AC90-100A()
– US Terminal and En-Route Area Navigation (RNAV) Operations
• FAA Order AC 90-105 • RNP Operations and Barometric Vertical
Navigation in the US National Aerospace System
• EASA/JAA TGL 10 Rev 1 – Airworthiness Approval and
operational approval for Precision RNAV Operations in Designated European Airspace
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ICAO PBN Operational Approval Course
Advanced RNP
NAVIGATION SPECIFICATION
FLIGHT PHASE
En Route Oceanic / Remote
En Route Continental ARR
APPROACH
DEP Initial Intermed Final Missed RNAV 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
A-RNP 2 or 1 1 1 1 0.3 1 1
RNP 1 1 1 1 1 1
RNP 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3
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ICAO PBN Operational Approval Course
A-RNP • A-RNP to be implemented in support of the ICAO Aviation System Block
Upgrades and Global Air Navigation Plan.
• Significant requirements: RF legs, parallel offset, RNAV holding
• Significant options: Scalability, higher continuity, Fixed Radius Transitions and Time of Arrival Control.
• Approved RNP AR Systems are considered to meet the system performance monitoring and alerting requirements without further examination.
• Operator approved for A-RNP automatically approved for RNAV 1, RNAV 2, RNAV 5, RNP 2, RNP 1 and RNP APCH Part A.
• If operator already approved for RNAV 1, RNAV 2, RNAV 5, RNP APCH Part A, RNP 1, and/or RNP 2, re-examination for equivalent A-RNP operation is unnecessary.
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ICAO PBN Operational Approval Course
RF Legs
• Optional for RNP 1, RNP 0.3, RNP APCH
• Required for Advanced RNP
• Pilot must not be able to access procedures with RF legs if aircraft system not capable
• Aircraft must remain within 1 x RNP of centre-line at all times
• Demonstration required that FTE can be maintained after full or partial failure of AP/FD
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ICAO PBN Operational Approval Course
RF Functional Requirements
• Autopilot or flight director with at least “roll-steering” capability driven by the RNP system
• Electronic map display depicting the RNP computed path.
• FMC, FD and AP must be capable of commanding and achieving bank angle up to 25º above 400 feet above the runway elevation.
• Flight guidance mode to remain in LNAV while on an RF leg,
• Display of deviation and display of positive course guidance during the RF leg
• LNAV/NAV must remain engaged during go-round (TOGA)
• Alternative crew procedures may be authorized
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ICAO PBN Operational Approval Course
RF – Crew Procedures
• Use either a flight director or autopilot when flying an RF leg
• When dispatch is predicated on a procedure with an RF leg, autopilot/flight director must be operational
• Aircraft must be established on procedure prior to beginning RF leg
• Pilot must maintain centreline of desired path on RF legs.
• Pilot must not exceed published maximum airspeeds
• Pilot should maintain the current bank and roll out on the charted RF exit course in event of system failure.
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Note: Loss of A/P or FD function during an RF may require reversion to manual flight. Bank angle adjustment may be required to maintain
the flight path due to wind effect. Where fitted a turn predictor can assist greatly in maintaining the RF turn
ICAO PBN Operational Approval Course
RF – Training • Meaning and use of RF functionality.
• Chart depiction and textual description.
• Automation, mode annunciations, changes, alerts, interactions, reversions, and degradation associated with RF functionality.
Note: Manually selecting aircraft bank limiting functions not permitted.
• Monitoring track-keeping performance.
• Wind effect during RF legs and the need to remain XTK limits
• Bank angle restrictions impacting the ability to remain on the course centreline.
• Interpretation of electronic displays and symbols.
• Contingency procedures.
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ICAO PBN Operational Approval Course
Fixed Radius Transition
• Optional for RNP 2 and A-RNP
• Only applicable in en-route
• To be used to support reduced route spacing
• Improved tracking accuracy compared to turn anticipation
• Aircraft must remain within 1xRNP of centerline at all times
• FTE monitoring by display of curved path and numerical cross track value
• Unlikely to be used before 2020
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ICAO PBN Operational Approval Course
Time of Arrival Control
• 4 dimensional navigation systems will support TOAC
• Aircraft be separated in Time and well as laterally, vertically and horizontally
• Already demonstrated in actual operations
• Capability available on many aircraft
• Not yet implemented due to limited equipage
• Environmental variations (temperature, wind ) need to be accommodated
• Not expected to be implemented before 2020
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ICAO PBN Operational Approval Course
RNP 0.3
• Applicable to short range operations often contained in terminal airspace
• Intended primarily to support helicopter operations
• RNP 0.3 for departure, en-route, arrival and approach
• Narrower flight path tolerances applicable to low level operations
• FMS systems enabling selection of RNP 0.3 required
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ICAO PBN Operational Approval Course 35
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