Paleo FoodsLearn from our ancestors?Learn from nature?
David Sands MSU Professor of PLANT PATHOLOGY
Even before Paleo times we looked carefully at food before we ate it.
Readings: Before the Dawn Nicolas Wade 2006Pandoras Seed Spencer Wells 2010The Journey of Man Spencer Wells 2004The 10,000 Year Explosion Cochran 2009http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HLA-DQ8X
From Pandoras Seed by Spencer WellsXYPaleo
Shift to cereal grains
The ratio of omega-6 fatty acids to omega-3 fatty acids in the Inuit diet is 2:1 or 1:1Our Western Diet ratio is 25:1
Omega-3 Fatty AcidsAn important nutrient to focus on in crop production.High in some Paleo Foods
Re: The Paleo DietBy Loren Cordain Colorado State Univ.
Basic Biochemistry of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFAs):Natural constituents of animal and plant lipidsLong carbon chain with one end methyl group, other carboxyl group
ESSENTIAL FATTY ACIDSIn the Western population is a chronic shortfall in consumption of omega-3 fatty acids, particularly those of marine origin, such as EPA and DHA.Source: Rev. chil. nutr.v.32n.1Santiagoabr.2005.
Grfico2
1.3
0.43
1.4
0.35
0.5
0.46
Omega 3 fatty acids (g/day)
Omega 3 Fatty Acid Comsuption
Grfico1
1.3
0.43
1.4
0.35
0.5
0.46
Fatty acids Omega 3 (g/day)
Essential Fatty Acid Omega 3 Consumption
Hoja1
Recommendation1.30
Europe0.43
Asia1.40
North America0.35
South America0.50
Chile0.46
Hoja1
1.3
0.43
1.4
0.35
0.5
0.46
Omega 3 fatty acids (g/day)
Omega 3 Fatty Acid Comsuption
Hoja2
1.3
0.43
1.4
0.35
0.5
0.46
Acidos grasos Omega 3 (g/da)
Consumo de Acidos Grasos Omega 3
Hoja3
Embarazadas-lactantesNios (3 aos)
Actual8019
Requerido300150
Hoja3
00
00
Actual
Requerido
DHA daily (mg)
DHA daily requirements
Hoja5
00
00
Actual
Requerido
DHA diario (mg)
Requerimientos diarios DHA
Hoja4
Hoja6
Suplemento nutricional70%
Alimento funcional15%
Alimento mascotas10%
Formulas infantiles5%
Productos lacteos40%
Productos panificacin30%
Otros alimentos30%
Hoja6
0
0
0
0
Consumo Omega - 3 Europa
0
0
0
Alimentos FuncionalesSituacin Europea
Fuente: Frost & Sullivan 2004
Marine omega-3 global market
20002001200220032004200520062007200820092010
350380390410440620750780820830980
20002001200220032004200520062007200820092010
140150160170190210230240250265300
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Ao
M US$
Mercado Global Omega 3 Marino
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Ao
M US$
Mercado Omega 3 Europa
MBD0007FD7A.xls
Grfico3
141
155
161
170
186
210
240
245
250
265
298
Ao
MM US$
MERCADO OMEGA-3 EUROPA
Hoja1
199512,000
199614,000
199715,000
199817,000
199919,000
200020,000
200126,000
200228,000
200331,000
200436,000
200540,000
200643,000
200747,000
200851,000
200955,000
201059,000
2000310
2001350
2002380
2003410
2004505
2005630
2006710
2007750
2008850
2009860
2010960
2000141
2001155
2002161
2003170
2004186
2005210
2006240
2007245
2008250
2009265
2010298
Hoja1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Ao
MM US$
Mercado de Alimentos Funcionales en EEUU
Hoja2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Ao
MM US$
MERCADO GLOBALOMEGA-3 MARINO
Hoja3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Ao
MM US$
MERCADO OMEGA-3 EUROPA
MBD0007FD76.xls
Grfico2
310
350
380
410
505
630
710
750
850
860
960
Ao
MM US$
MERCADO GLOBAL OMEGA-3 MARINO
Hoja1
199512,000
199614,000
199715,000
199817,000
199919,000
200020,000
200126,000
200228,000
200331,000
200436,000
200540,000
200643,000
200747,000
200851,000
200955,000
201059,000
2000310
2001350
2002380
2003410
2004505
2005630
2006710
2007750
2008850
2009860
2010960
2000141
2001155
2002161
2003170
2004186
2005210
2006240
2007245
2008250
2009265
2010298
Hoja1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Ao
MM US$
Mercado de Alimentos Funcionales en EEUU
Hoja2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Ao
MM US$
MERCADO GLOBALOMEGA-3 MARINO
Hoja3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Ao
MM US$
MERCADO OMEGA-3 EUROPA
Why Omega-3s?Brain Cells
Omega-3s Enhance Mental AcuityMice in maze Dogs (Trainability) People
Our interest is in classroom performance
Camelina sativaRomans used to eat the meal and burn the oil in their lampsOil of Olay and other cosmeticsIt grows well in MontanaHigh in omega-3 and high in antioxidants (tocopherols, mainly gamma)We have high omega-3 peanut butter, beef, eggs, cheese, milk, bread and salad oil And if there is any left, it is biodiesel
Jet Fuel from an omega-3 crop?The camelina meal is 40% protein and 13% oilApproved for beef and poultry rations.Yum. Omega-3 eggs, and beef.
Omega-3 BreadDevelopment of camelina bread is a cooperative project with Wheat Montana BakeryCulinary Applications
Chart1
31.6438356164
215.1801069455
Oil Ingrediant
18:3 in mg/kg
Omega-3 Content of Bread (Wheat Montana)
Sheet1
Bread Sample17:0 area %16:0 area %16:0 in mg18:0 area %18:0 in mg18:1 area %18:1 in mg18:2 area %18:2 in mg18:3 ALA area %18:3 ALA in mg
A7.34213.87458.373.89658.3716.836252.2425.610383.7021.44321.22
BCanola14.38118.54227.233.56027.2317.577134.4540.978313.444.1431.64
ACamelina7.97814.16952.743.82552.7416.705230.3324.713340.7421.23292.68
Average 18:3 in mg
BCanola31.64
ACamelina215.18
One bread was made with 10% (based on flour weight) Camelina oil, the other was made with 3% (based on flour weight) Soy oil.
Sheet1
0
0
Bread
18:3 in mg
Omega-3 bread(Wheat Montana)
Sheet2
0
0
Oil Ingrediant
18:3 in mg/kg
Omega-3 Content of Bread
Sheet3
Sheet3
306.94824261
31.6438356164
Bread
18:3 in mg
Omega-3 bread(Wheat Montana)
Focus on Gluten Free Crops/Products:Gluten Intolerance:2 million Americans (at least) 30 million people worldwideMost are HLA-DQ2 or DQ8
Celiac DiseaseNormal Intestinal VilliCeliac Intestinal Villi
Gluten is the seed storage protein in Wheat, Rye, Barley, and TriticaleCertain grassy weeds also contain gluten.
A grain used by Native Americans 7,000 years ago.
It has no detectable gluten.
The Amazing Grains Cooperative in Ronan, Montana has 53 growers dedicated to producing this grain.Our Research: New Gluten-Free CropsIndian Ricegrass
Indian Rice Grass vs. Wheat
Essential amino acidIndian Rice GrassWheatLysine3.22.4Mthionine2.10.5Threonine3.72.8Isoleucine2.85.3Valine3.52.1Leucine 7.94.6Arginine9.32.2Histidine3.91.2Phenylalanine5.84.7% total Protein42.226.8
Montina Gluten-Free FlourIs fortification needed in gluten-free products? YES!
Most oats are hulledMost oats are about 12 % proteinMost oats are not produced GFMSU released PrOatina, a nude oat with about 20% protein(Gluten Free Processors,Belgrade, Montana), produces and packages this GF product as a hot cereal and as a flour. PROATINA : HIGH PROTEIN GLUTEN FREE OATS
TimtanaTimothy is a pasture grassIt is a favorite of horsesWhen we made flour from timothy seed we were pleasantly surprised!Timtana resulted, a high protein , flavorable, gluten-free flour for baking.Timtana is a stand alone flour for bakingTimtana is available now, processed and milled in Belgrade MT, at MTGluten Free Processors
Type 2 Diabetes cases reported in US by the CDC
Something Has Gone Wrong
Diabetes
Obesity
CombinedCDC Data
Bohannen, J. 25 SEPTEMBER 2009 VOL 325 SCIENCE, 16-14-1617
Zinc addition to Turkish Crop - Wheat
Zinc deficiency In Turkey, 50% of the arable soils were found to be zinc deficient. The deficiency also occurs in Afghanistan, Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Kyrgyzstan, Syria, Human symptoms of zinc deficiency include, geophagia, stunting, abnormal behavior- depression and violence..A penny is 98% zinc
Seeds A good place to start
Mans priorities for seedsLarge seed, easy to harvest.Digestible protein with quick release of appropriate essential amino acids.No toxins.Soluble polymers.Acceptable taste.Long storage life.No rot, no rancidity of oils.Soluble fibers.
Plants priorities for seeds Embryo must stay alive.Control dehydration - rehydration: polymerize all small hydrophilic molecules (starch, protein, cellulose, hemi cellulose).remove ions such as phosphate, Zn, Fe, from solution (Insoluble inositol hexaphosphate = phytic acid ).Store oils, in fat bodies.Feeding animals is not on the list!
The Problem: Nutrient Poor FoodsSolutions:
No more empty caloriesMore and better protein in grainsLess Omega-6 and more Omega-3 oilsVitamins and MineralsMore FiberAffordableOh! Gluten Free and tasty!
Cereal-Based Diets, Egypt
Insects selectively eat the more nutritious plants.
They have lysine taste receptorsTake home lesson:We have been breeding against nutrition for centuries. The Breeders Dilemma: Yield vs NutritionMorris and Sands: Nature Biotechnology Sept. 2006The Breeders Dilemma
6 Independent/Non-biased Evaluators4 Rows/Variety (HL37-A1 was wild type)2 day Compiled Results of Grasshopper PredationConclusions- Recipes, anyone, for grasshopper soup ?Grasshopper damage to high lysine wheat cultivarsWILD TYPE
Chart4
55.5
41.4
37
7.1
Wheat Variety
Insect damage points/30'
Sheet1
NameBites
HL19-EM155.5
1689-9041.4
1691-9237
HL37-A17.1
Sheet1
0
0
0
0
Wheat Variety
Insect damage points/30'
Insect Damage
Sheet2
Sheet3
The Selection Against Nutrition, A ConundrumAphids, grasshoppers, rats and deer all have the ability to taste essential amino acids, and they selectively choose the plants highest in nutrition.Therefore: Plant breeders inadvertently select for the least nutritious plants because of animal predation. The Breeders Dilemma C.E. Morris and D.C. Sands 2006 Nature Biotechnology
Superprotein : Looks something like this. OR THIS
Superprotein Oh! No! The Devil Made Me do It the GMO Word!Percent of protein* Designed supplemental nutritional protein, Jaynes ,Sands 84
ProteinLysIleMetThrTrpTotalLactalbumin9.16.22.55.22.225Barley3.44.31.43.41.314Superprotein*21.68.116.310.810.868
Amylose Supercoils when heated Digested slowly (LOW GLYCEMIC INDEX-GOOD)Slow synthesis in seedAmylopectinCannot coil Digested quickly (HIGH GLYCEMIC INDEX-BAD)Rapid synthesis in seedSTRAIGHTBRANCHED
Starches(Amylose, amylopectin) and seeds
The World Food Problem
Striga Research, Maseno, KenyaStriga
Comparison of Kenya strains of Foxy SExperiment at KARI Expt. Stn., Kibos, Kenya, by Sila NziokiStrains collected by Ben Kanyenji and John SandsCC
The search for the Perfect Nutritional ProteinSafeNon-allergenicContains all the essential amino acidsCompletely digestibleNeutral taste
PROTEINPINE BARK BEETLE
So what to do? MSU?Assess Montanas principle crops for their nutritional value.Could we lead the nation in improving the nutritional value of:
Durum Wheat? YES By lowering the glycemic indexSpring and Winter Wheat? YES dittoPeas? YES dittoPotatoes YES dittoCamelina YES BY selecting for higher Omega-3 content.
This is not rocket science but It takes money )(OH GOOD)Cross-talk with nutritionists (NOT FUN-HUMILIATING)Market demand for enhanced nutritional foods (FACEBOOK?)A little bit of high throughput biochemistry (INNOVATION)
Agronomic drivers for enhanced nutrition in crops.Striga resistanceStem rust resistanceSaw fly resistanceRoundup resistanceSalt toleranceNitrogen efficiency
The concept = Use valuable improvements in agronomic traits that improve production as above, as an opportunity to piggy-back in some nutritional traits that would not otherwise be inserted into new crop varieties. That way we get a two-for, better yields and better nutrition.
World wheat production: 225 M haca. 25% of the surface is planted to varieties with genes for resistance to stem rust that are ineffective against the new race UG99Genetic landscape of wheat
ConceptFarmers are subsidized for growing crops, nutritious or not.Continue to subsidize but only for crops with improved nutrition!More nutritious crops would give us health benefits.Subsidies to medical programs would go down.
In the Future, the safest, most-nutritious food may well be: organically- grown and genetically-modified.
Example: P. syringae pv. atropurpureaLeaf Blight on BarleyGlobally distributed
Checking wheat seed for infestation byP. syringae on BCBRVB selective mediumP. syringae pv. atropurpurea is seed borneAnd seed transmitted.
Quantify number of biological ice nuclei and their TC of activity
Crude samples lysozyme-treated boiledImmersion freezing assayDetermine the abundance of bacterial and other biological ice nuclei in precipitation
Pseudomonas syringae P. fluorescensP. viridiflava Pantoea agglomerans (Erwinia herbicola) Xanthomonas campestris pv. translucens INA bacteria Gram negativenon spore-forming epiphytic, some are plant pathogensIncitants of Frost Injury
Bacterial ice nuclei: the most active naturally-occurring ice nucleiWarmest temperature of activity of some ice nucleation-active materials
silver iodide-8Cpollen-5Cforest aerosols (tree oils + iodine)-4Catmospheric dust-8Ccristalline metaldehyde-0.4CPseudomonas syringae-2C
Seed for 400 hectares treated, planted, P. syringae moved in within 3 weeks. From where?North central Montana, 1980
Bioprecipitation conceptSands et al, 1982, 1985Morris et al, 2004epiphytic bacterial growthConceivably bacteria via this cycle move down wind across a continent
Betts 2004
Fig 3. Difference in annual mean precipitation (mm/day) between simulations with and without vegetation: VEG - NOVEG.
Books Genome and The Agile Gene Matt RidleyNexus and Ubiquity, both by M.BuchananMountains beyond MountainsGuns Germs and Steel and Collapse by Jared DiamondA Short History of Nearly Everything by Bill BrysonBefore the Dawn by Nicolas WadeThe Journey of Man by Spencer WellsBeyond Structure (The Structure of Scientific Revolutions) by Kuhn
Barbed WireMy barbed wire of DNAEncompasses and delimits me.With shortcomings written in code.Within these boundaries, I concoct a lifeOf opportunities and misconceptions,Encoded and scripted from a brief whim.Empowered hope embodied in double strands,Wound around each other like paired lovers..Transparent to light and yet,Their messages sometimes sorely visible,Randomly delivered by the postman of time.
DISCOVERY
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