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Overview ofIEEE 802.16 / WiMAX
Presented byDr. Sim Moh Lim
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Agenda
• Part 1: Overview of WiMax (2h)– Overview of the WiMax.– History & Evolution– Spectrum– Network architectures– Current status and future trend
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Overview
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WIMAX / IEEE 802.16• WIMAX stands for Worldwide Interoperability
for Microwave Access as defined by WiMax Forum
WiMAX networks refer to broadband wireless networks that are based on the IEEE 802.16 standard, which ensures compatibility and interoperability between broadband wireless access equipment
The IEEE 802.16 standards define how wireless traffics move between subscriber equipment and core networks
Source: SHASHI JAKKU
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• Subsystems:– A WiMAX tower
• similar in concept to a cell-phone tower - A single WiMAX tower can provide coverage to a very large area as big as ~8,000 square km.
– A WiMAX client terminal • The terminal receiver and antenna could be a small box or Personal
Computer Memory card, or they could be built into a laptop the way WiFi access is today
• Range: 50km from base station• Speed: 70 Megabits per second• Frequency bands: 2 to 11 and 10 to 66 (licensed and
unlicensed bands)• IEEE 802.16 standards define both MAC and PHY layers and
allow multiple PHY layer specifications
WIMAX System: General Features
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IEEE 802.16 Specifications
• 802.16a– Uses the licensed frequencies from 2 to 11 GHz;
supports Mesh network• 802.16b
– Increase spectrum to 5 and 6 GHz– Provides QoS( for real time voice and video
service)• 802.16c
– Spectrum from 10 to 66GHz
• 802.16d (d = a+b+c)– Improvement and fixes for 802.16a
• 802.16e-2005– Addresses on Mobile– Enable high-speed signal handoffs
necessary for communication with users moving at vehicular speeds
• A family of standards for broadband wireless access
Source: SHASHI JAKKU
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802.16e Compatibility with 16d
Service Specific Convergence Sub LayerService Specific Convergence Sub Layer
MAC Common Part & Security Sub LayersMAC Common Part & Security Sub Layers
PHY LayerPHY Layer
Security/Privacy Key, AES, EAP
Security/Privacy Key, AES, EAP HandoffHandoff
Bandwidth ManagementBandwidth
ManagementConnection
ManagementConnection
Management
Power Mgnt Sleep/Idle
Power Mgnt Sleep/Idle
IPIPPacket
ClassifierPacket
ClassifierEthernetEthernet ATMATM Header Suppression
Header Suppression
ARQARQ
PDU Generation
PDU Generation
PDU Reassembly
PDU ReassemblyNet EntryNet Entry
PHY Burst SchedulingPHY Burst Scheduling
SC 10-66GHz
SC 10-66GHz
SCa 2-11GHz
SCa 2-11GHz
OFDM 2-11GHz 256FFTOFDM
2-11GHz 256FFTOFDMA
2-11GHz 2048FFTOFDMA
2-11GHz 2048FFTOFDMA 2-11GHz
128, 256, 512,1024, 2048OFDMA 2-11GHz
128, 256, 512,1024, 2048
802.16d802.16d 802.16e802.16e
802.16e is the mobile extension from 802.16 Modification in PHY from OFDM to Scalable OFDMA Modification in MAC for security, handoff, roaming, & resource
management
Source: BeyondSpot Technology
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Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)
• Multiplexing technique that divides the channel into multiple orthogonal subchannels
• Input data stream is divided into several substreams of a lower data rate (increased symbol duration) and each substream is modulated and simultaneously transmitted on a separate subchannel with carrier orthogonal to each other
• High spectral efficiency, resilient to interference, and low multi-path distortion
FDM OFDM
OFDM is more spectral efficient as compared to FDM (allows more transmission channels)
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WiMAX Forum
• Is an industry group founded in April 2001– Consists of services providers, manufacturers, and
related companies that have joined together to promote the family of technologies based upon the IEEE 802.16 standard
– Ensure interoperability of IEEE 802.16* and other interoperable (ETSI HiperMAN*) systems
– Equivalent in purpose to Wi-Fi Alliance for IEEE 802.11• Develop Conformance Test Specifications• Host interoperability events
– Provide WiMAX-Certified stamp of approval
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Players in WiMAX Forum WiMAX Forum has >500
members (530 as at 26/11/08) WiMAX members represent over
75% of current 2-11 GHz BWA equipment sales!
And a lot more…..And a lot more…..Source: WiMAx Forum
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WiMAX and IEEE 802.16• “WiMAX” is a subset of IEEE 802.16
– No new features can be added
• Mandatory features in 802.16 are mandatory in WiMAX, if included
• Optional features in 802.16 may be optional, mandatory or not included
IEEE 802.16 World
Mobile WiMAX - OFDMA
Fixed WiMAX – 256 OFDM
WiBro
Source: WiMAx Forum
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MODES OF OPERATION
• WiMax can provide 2 forms of wireless service:– Non-LOS
• Wi-Fi sort of service, where a small antenna on a computer connects to the tower.
• Uses lower frequency range (2 to 11 GHz). – LOS
• where a fixed antenna points straight at the WiMax tower from a rooftop or pole.
• The LOS connection is stronger and more stable: higher throughput.
• Uses higher frequencies: reaching a possible 66 GHz.• Through stronger LOS antennas, higher range can be
achieved: up to 50km radius.
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Broadband Usage Scenarios
• Fixed wireless access (FWA)– Wireless access application in which the
location of the end-user termination and the network access point to be connected to the end-user are fixed.
• Backhaul for business• Consumer last mile
• Nomadic wireless access (NWA)– Wireless access application in which the
location of the end-user termination may be in different places but it must be stationary while in use.
• Mobile wireless access (MWA)– Wireless access application in which the
location of the end-user termination is mobile.
INTERNETINTERNETBACKBONEBACKBONE
Telco Core Telco Core Network or Network or
Private (Fiber) Private (Fiber) NetworkNetwork
Non Line of SightNon Line of SightPoint to MultiPoint to Multi--pointpoint
802.16802.16
802.16802.16
Line of Sight Line of Sight BACKHAULBACKHAUL
FRACTIONAL E1/T1 for SMALL
BUSINESS
802.11
E1/T1+ LEVELSERVICE ENTERPRISE
Laptop ConnectedThrough 802.16
802.16 PC 802.16 PC CardCard
Source: WiMAx Forum
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Types of access supported by WiMax
Source: WiMax Forum
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History & Evolution
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Why (earlier) BWA solutions have not taken off?
Wireless Solutions Before WiMax: Proprietary, vertical solutions
No volume silicon market – lack economies of scale Lack of global spectrum
Service Providers
System Design & Architecture
Custom MAC
Custom Radio
Custom, 802.11 or DOCSIS PHY
Network Software
System Integration
Eq
uip
men
t M
frs
Focu
s
1980s 1990s 2000
Vo
lum
e
Ethernet
2010
Economies of scale as WiMax is an open standard solution
Source: WiMAx Forum
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802.16 Standard History
20062006
802.16a Fixed 802.16a Fixed Broadband Broadband
Wireless Standard Wireless Standard for 2-11 GHz Non-for 2-11 GHz Non-
LOS SystemsLOS Systems((Inactive)
65 members65 members19991999 20022002
20032003
20042004
20052005
802.16c System Profiles 802.16c System Profiles for 10-66 GHz LOS for 10-66 GHz LOS
SystemsSystems(Inactive)(Inactive)
530530
Mem
bers
hip
Time
IEEE 802.16 IEEE 802.16 Working Working
Group StartedGroup Started
55 members55 members
802.16e 802.16e Combined Fixed Combined Fixed
and Mobile and Mobile Amendment Amendment
for <11 GHz for <11 GHz Licensed Licensed SystemsSystems
(Formally approved (Formally approved in December 2005)in December 2005)
802.16 Fixed 802.16 Fixed Broadband Wireless Broadband Wireless Standard for 10-66 Standard for 10-66 GHz LOS SystemsGHz LOS Systems
((Inactive)
802.16-2004 Fixed 802.16-2004 Fixed Broadband Wireless Broadband Wireless
StandardStandard (Revised : Covers <11 GHz NLOS (Revised : Covers <11 GHz NLOS
& 10-66 GHz LOS Systems)& 10-66 GHz LOS Systems)
20082008
343 343 membersmembers
Source: Intel & WiMax Forum
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WiMax Spectrum
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Global spectrum bands• WiMax Forum is focusing on 3 spectrum bands for global deployment:• Unlicensed 5 GHz:
– Includes bands between 5.25 and 5.85 GHz. In the upper 5 GHz band (5.725 – 5.850 GHz) many countries allow higher power output (4 Watts) that makes it attractive for WiMax applications.
– Unlicensed fixed outdoor services• Licensed 3.5 GHz:
– Bands between 3.4 and 3.6 GHz have been allocated for BWA in majority of countries.
– Explicitly allow Nomadic use in Fixed Wireless spectrum to support indoor modems and laptops
• Licensed 2.5 GHz: – The bands between 2.5 and 2.6 GHz have been allocated in the US,
Mexico, Brazil and in some SEA countries. In US this spectrum is licensed for MDS and ITFS.
– New mobile services model and can address the broadband digital divide.
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Licensed vs. License-Exempt Solutions
Licensed Solution License-Exempt Solution
FDD TDD
Better QoS Fast Rollout
Better NLOS reception at lower frequencies
Lower Costs
Higher barriers for entrance
More worldwide options
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•WiMax Network Architectures
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Wimax Network System Architecture
CSN: Connectivity Service Network ASN: Access Service NetworkNSP: Network Service ProviderNAP: Network Access ProviderHA: Home Agent, FA: Foreign AgentAAA: Authentication, Authorization and Accounting
ASN
ASN GW(FA)
HAHA
BS BS BS
MS
ASN GW(FA)
NSP
NAP
Home CSN Visited CSN
AAA
BS
BS
BS
Mesh
P2MP or P2P
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802.16 Network Architectures Point-to-Point (P2P)
Architecture BS to BS
P2MP Architecture BS serves several
Subscriber Stations (SS)
Provides SS with first mile access to Public Networks
Mesh Architecture Optional architecture
for WiMAX
P2P
INTERNET
Telco Core
Network
P2MP
Source: SHASHI JAKKU
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Key Goals for Network Architecture
• Should support a common evolution path from fixed to portable to mobile
• Support of IP infrastructure and a single topology to handle both packet voice and packet data efficiently– Should handle IP multicast to the cell-edge for efficient
operations• Network Architecture should allow
– Lower Latency– Higher data throughput
• Future Investment Protection– Support Radio Evolution and/or multiple radio types
• Build a mobile device model and network architecture that is much less expensive
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Current & Future
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Current Status
Source: Intel, the WiMAX Forum
• More Than 350 Operator Trials and Deployments in 65+ countries!
• List of operators – http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Deployed_WiMAX_networks
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Current Status - Malaysia• Existing fixed wireless BB licensed operators in WiMax
bands– 2.5 GHz (TM, Airzed, AtlasOne, EB Tech, Jaring Comm,
TTDotCom, Maxis)– 3.5 GHz (Airzed, Maxis, Nasioncom, TM, EB Tech, AtlasOne)
• 4 new players awarded 2.3GHz WiMax licenses, March 2007– Asiaspace: 2300 – 2330 (Peninsular)– Bizsurf (50% assoc of YRL e-solution): 2330 – 2360 (Peninsular)– MIB (55% sub of Green Packet): 2360 – 2390 (Peninsular)
• Aug 08: Packet One Networks launched its WiMax service in Klang Valley. Used Alcatel-Lucent equipment.
• 1.2Mbps (RM99) – 2.4Mbps (RM229)– Redtone-CNX : 2375-2400 (East M’sia)
• Aug 08: Redtone launched its WiMax network in Kota Kinabalu. Used Motorola equipment.
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4G (beyond 3G) / IMT Advanced • 4G, a term used to describe the next complete evolution
in wireless communications, – is being developed to accommodate the quality of service (QoS)
and rate requirements set by forthcoming applications for "anytime-anywhere".
• The 4G working group has defined the following as objectives of the 4G wireless communication standard:– A nominal data rate of 100 Mbit/s while the client physically moves
at high speeds relative to the station, and 1 Gbit/s while client and station are in relatively fixed positions
– Smooth handoff across heterogeneous networks– Seamless connectivity and global roaming across multiple
networks– High quality of service for next generation multimedia support (real
time audio, high speed data, HDTV video content, mobile TV, etc) – An all IP, packet switched network.
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Wireless Broadband Evolution to 4G
1G
802.11a/b/g
Cellular
Wireless LAN
Broadband Wireless
Mobile Broadband
4G• OFDM Based, • MIMO, All-IP • Core
LTE(2009)
2G3G,
HSDPA, HSUPA,HSPA
802.16e802.16d 802.16m
LTE advanced
802.16REV 2(2009)
802.11n(2009)
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Standard Family Radio Tech Downlink
(Mbps) Uplink (Mbps)
Notes
WiBro WiBro OFDMA 50 50 Mobile range (900 m)
802.16e WiMAX MIMO-SOFDMA 70 70 Quoted speeds only achievable at very short ranges, more practically 10 Mbit/s at 10 km.
HIPERMAN HIPERMAN OFDM 56.9 56.9
Flash-OFDM Flash-OFDM Flash-OFDM 5.3 10.6 15.9
1.8 3.6 5.4
Mobile range 18miles (30km) extended range 34 miles (55km); mobility up to 200mph (350km/h)
iBurst iBurst 802.20 HC-SDMA/TDD/MIMO 64 64 3–12 km
UMTS W-CDMA
HSDPA+HSUPA HSPA+
UMTS/3GSM CDMA/FDD CDMA/FDD/MIMO
0.384 14.4 42
0.384 5.76 11.5
HSDPA widely deployed. Typical downlink rates today 1–2 Mbit/s, ~200 kbit/s uplink; HSPA+ downlink up to 42 Mbit/s.
LTE UMTS/4GSM OFDMA/MIMO/SC-FDMA
326.4 86.4 LTE-Advanced update to offer over 1 Gbit/s speeds.
Pre-4G
Source: Wikipedia
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HSPA (High speed packet access)
• HSPA+ boosts peak data rates to 42 Mbps on the downlink and 22 Mbps on the uplink– Use MIMO and higher order modulation
• HSDPA (D = downlink)– 14.4 Mbps in downlink– 174 commercial networks in 76 countries– Can be achieved by software upgrade of existing 3G
networks• HSUPA (U = uplink)
– 5.76 Mbps in uplink
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LTE (Long term evolution)
• Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) Release 8 Standards in progress (expected 2009)– a project within the 3GPP to improve the UMTS
mobile phone standard
• air interface is a completely new systems – based on OFDMA in the downlink and Single-carrier-
FDMA (SC-FDMA has low PAPR) in the uplink that efficiently supports multi-antenna techologies (MIMO).
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Thank Thank YouYou
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Backup Slides
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Major &
Advantages• Fresh design meant for
outdoor BWA• Multipath advantages• Spectral efficiency• Global harmonization
Issues• Regulatory difficulty• Power constraint• High layer
integration• Market and time
competition• Global spectrum
availability
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