Origins of World War IA. Background Causes
1. Economic Rivalrya. Britainb. Germany
2. Colonialisma. Disputes over Control
3. Alliancesa. Triple Ententeb. Triple Alliance
4. Nationalisma. Politicalb. Ethnic
Economic Rivalry
• Rapid Industrialization by Germany
• Threatened Britain
• Also threatened France
• France and Britain grew closer
Colonialism
• 1905 and 1911
• France and Germany almost to the brink of war
• Morocco: France vs. Germany
• Britain sides with France/resents Germany industrial strength.
• Britain and France develop closer ties.
Entangling Alliances
• Otto von Bismarck/isolate France at all costs
• Triple Alliance: Germany, Italy & Austria-Hungary
• Triple Entente: Britain, France, & Russia
• Alliances to keep the peace
Causes of World War I: Nationalism
Aggressive Nationalism France and Germany Germany proud of military and Industrial
strength. French loss in Franco Prussia War/revenge Recovery of lost provinces Alsace and
Lorraine
Nationalism: Eastern Europe
• Russia -> Pan Slavism• Serbia: young just freed nation• Ottoman And Austrian-Hungarian Empires afraid
of the spread of Nationalism• Greece and Serbia• Several Balkan States Attack Turkey• Balkan states fighting among themselves• Powder Keg ready to explode
Militarism
• Survival of the Fittest
• Militarists painted war in romantic colors
• Rotation in Service
• Building up of military
• Protection of oversees colonies
• nationalism
• Britain 2 power standard
Assassination in Sarajevo
• Immediate cause: June 28, 1914
• Gavrilo Princip kills Archduke Francis Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary
• Member of Black Hand Serbian Nationalist Group
• Match that lights the Balkan Powder Keg
The War Begins
• Austria sends Serbia an ultimatum
• Serbia refuses
• Germany gives Austria a blank check
• July 28, 1914 Austria declares war on Serbia
• European nations begin to mobilize their military forces
The Schlieffen Plan
• Germany’s plan to fight a two front war• Wanted a quick victory• Germany would lose a long drawn out two
front war.• Attack France 1st then Russia/Russia would
take longer to mobilize• August 3 invade France through Belgium• Britain declares war on Germany
Bloody Stalemate
• Western Front
• Allied Victory at the Marne breaks the back of the Schlieffen Plan
• Trench Warfare
• High casualties
AT THE BORDER between (neutral) Holland and Belgium -
An high voltage electric wire, established by the Germans,
prevented Belgian refugees to flee.
WAR WINTER - Red becomes even better on white than on green
( Albert Hahn - 1915 - Toelichting op deze prent )
Major battles
• Battles of the Marne 1914, 1918• Battles of Ypres 250,000 killed many
drowned in liquid mud• Battle of the Somme 1916 4 months British
killed 419,000/ Germans killed over 500,000
• Battle of Tannenburg Russians forced out of war over a million killed many civilians
Global Conflict
• Russians/ lose battle of Tannenburg
• Ill equipped/ went into battle lacking necessary equipment
• Southern Europe
• War Outside Europe: Ottoman Empire
• Battle of Gallipoli Turks defeat British
• Colonies drawn into war
Winning the War
• Conscription
• Economic Troubles
• Propaganda
• Impact on Women
• Collapsing Morale
• Revolution in Russia Treaty of Brest Livosk
• Russia withdraws from the war
United States Declares War
• Unrestricted Submarine Warfare
• Cultural Ties
• Zimmermann Note
• Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen Points/Self determination
The Treaty of Versailles: Major Provisions
• League of Nations• Territorial Losses/Germany returns Alsace
Lorraine; French Border extended to the Rhine; Germany surrenders all of its overseas colonies in Africa and the Pacific
• Military restrictions/limits size of German Army; cannot build or import weapons, submarines, airplanes
The Treaty of Versailles: War Guilt
• Sole responsibility for the war placed on Germany’s shoulders
• Germany forced to pay the Allies 33 Billion in reparations over 30 years.
• Laid the ground work for WWII.
Th e G rea t W ar
a g en era tion o f E u rop ean sare k illed
orw ou n d ed
B itte rn ess lead s to W orld W ar II P rob lem s s tillexis t:n a tion a lism
com p etit ion ,m ilita rism
L on g Term E ffec ts
n ew cou n triesa re c rea ted
O ttom an E m p ireA u s trian H u n g arian
E m p ires a reD es troyed
Im m ed ia te E ffec ts
The Legacy of War
• 8.5 Million Killed
• 21 million wounded
• War Costs 338 billion, destroys towns, and land in Europe and Russia
• disillusionment
Collapse of the Empires
• Breakup of Austrian Hungarian Empire– Austria and Hungary become independent
nations– Czechoslovakia & Yugoslavia were formed– Italy and Romania gained land
Ottoman Empire Dissolved
• Turkey becomes independent
• Most of the Arab nations were put under the control of Britain and France
• Russian and German Losses
• Other nations Formed: Poland, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania
Armenian Massacre
• Ottomans traditionally allowed minorities great freedom
• Nationalism: Turkish nationalists vs minority people who sought their own states.
• 1890/Over 25 years Christians Armenians were accused of supporting Russian Plans against the Ottoman Empire/Armenians protested/ over 1 million were killed2 million deported to Greece
Turkish Nationalism
• Mustafa Kemal Ataturk
• General and war hero in Turkey
• Ataturk: “Father of the Turks”
• Westernizes and Modernizes
Kemal Ataturk
• Modernization and Westernization• Replaces Islamic law with Western European law• Muslim calendar replaced by western calendar• Western dress• State schools: Arabic Script replaced by Western
(Latin) script• Women : right to vote/western dress• Turkey was industrialized: roads, canals, railroads,
factories
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