Organic Chemistry
• The chemistry of carbon compounds.• Carbon has 4 valence electrons which
gives it the ability to form complex chains, branched chains and rings.
• As a result of this property, large biomolecules such as proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids can be formed.
Organic compounds come in many shapes:
• Chains
• Branched chains
• Rings
Ring-shaped hydrocarbons are called cyclic hydrocarbons. To name these compounds, add “cyclo” before the name.
The molecule above is cyclohexane.
Hydrocarbon prefix # of carbon atoms name formula structure*
Meth 1 methane CH4
Eth 2 ethane C2H6
Prop 3 propane C3H8
But 4 Butane C4H10
Pent 5 pentane C5H12
Hex 6 hexane C6H14
Hept 7 heptane C7H16
Oct 8 octane C8H18
Non 9 nonane C9H20
Dec 10 decane C10H22
Functional Groups-Most organic compounds have other groups of atoms attached to the hydrocarbon.-These groups are called functional groups because they are the chemically functional part of the compound. Most of organic chemistry deals with these functional groups and their reactions.Functional Groups to memorize.Alcohols -OH C2H5OH (Ethanol)
Halocarbon (Halogen Hydrocarbon)R-Cl, F, Br CH3Cl (Chloromethane)
Alcohols
• OH is substituted for an H atom.H H H
H—C---C---C—OH Propyl Alcohol (propanol)H H H
• Same naming convention as alkanes-Prefix showing number of Carbons-End with anol or yl plus the word alcohol.e.g. ethanol or ethyl alcohol.
Polymers
A polymer is a large molecule formed by the covalent bonding of repeating small molecules. The small repeating molecules are called monomers.
Practice ProblemsName Chemical Formula Type
Ethane Alkane
C8H18
Ethanol Alcohol
Fluoromethane Halocarbon
Cyclopentane
Hexanol
C7H15Br
Practice ProblemsName Chemical Formula Type
Ethane C2H6 Alkane
Octane C8H18 Alkane
Ethanol C2H5OH Alcohol
Fluoromethane CH3F Halocarbon
Cyclopentane C5H10 Cyclic Alkane
Hexanol C6H13OH Alcohol
Bromoheptane C7H15Br Halocarbon
Hydrocarbon prefix
# of carbon atoms
name formula Alcohol-OH Halocarbon-Cl
Meth 1 methane CH4
methanol
CH3OH
ChloromethaneCH3Cl
Eth 2 ethane C2H6
ethanolC2H5OH
ChloroethaneC2H5Cl
Prop 3 propane C3H8 propanol chloropropane
But 4 Butane C4H10 butanol Chlorobutane
Pent 5 pentane C5H12 pentanol Chloropentane
Photosynthesis Cellular RespirationFunction Energy Storage in plants Energy Release in plants, fungi,
animals and microorganismsWhere? Chloroplast of plant cells Mitochondria and cytoplasm of
animal, plant, fungi etc. cellsReactants CO2 & H2O C6H12O6 & O2
Products C6H12O6 & O2 CO2 & H2O
Equation 6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2 C6H12O6 +6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O
DefinitionsMonomer - A molecule that can combine with others of the same kind to form a polymer.
Polymer - A substance that has a molecular structure built from a large number of similar units (monomers) bonded together.
Carbohydrates
Monomer - The simple sugars Glucose, sucrose, fructose (and many
others)
Polymer - The complex carbohydrates. Starch and Cellulose are long chains of simple sugars
Proteins
Polymer - When many amino acids bond together to create long chains, the polymer is called a protein (it is also called a polypeptide because it contains many peptide bonds).
DNA is made of monomers called nucleotides
A
G T
C
NO
O
OH
OH
OH
O
P
NH
O
O
CH3
NO
O
OH
OH
OH
O
P N
NN
NH2
NO
O
OH
OH
OH
O
P N
NHN
NH2
O
NO
O
OH
OH
OH
O
P
N
NH2
O
PlasticsPlastics are synthetic polymers
Monomer:Vinyl
chlorideC2H3Cl
Polymer:Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
……[C2H3Cl]n……
Chapter 25 HW – Due 5/10Do on blank sheet of paper to be attached to flipbook.• Define: Hydrocarbons, Alkanes, Alkyl Group, Saturated vs. Unsaturated
Compounds, Structural Isomers, Cyclic Hydrocarbons, Fossil Fuels, Cracking
• Read: Pages 743 – 754 + 762 - 766• Answer:
– Questions 7, 8 and 10 on page 751– Question 11 on page 753– Draw two isomers of butane [See page 754]– Questions 24 & 26 on page 765– What are octane numbers and what do they have to do with fuel quality?
[Page 766]– What type of alkanes (straight versus branched) are more prone to causing
engine knock? [Page 766]– Compare heptane and isooctane in terms of engine knock. [Page 766]– How are fuels rated now? Use motor octane rating and research octane rating
in your answer. [Page 766]
Top Related