Organelles: Structure & Function
Organelles: Structure & Function
Cell/Plasma Membrane
Structure: Phospholipid bilayer
Function: Controls what enters & exits the cell.
Nucleus
Structure: Contains DNA/chromosomes
Enclosed by a porous double membrane called the nuclear membrane.
Function: Controls everything in the cell
Nucleolus
Structure: Dense region inside the nucleus
Function: Takes RNA and makes ribosomes
Ribosomes
Structure: Tiny organelles made of proteins & RNA. Found on Rough ER
Function: Links together amino acids to make proteins (that means enzymes too!)
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
Structure: Thin folded membranes that are connected together.HAS ribosomes
Function: Transport, "intracellular highway“. Site of protein synthesis; makes more ER
VesicleMembrane-bound containers that carry substances throughout the cell
Golgi Apparatus/Body/Comple
x
Structure: Closely layered stacks of membrane enclosed discs
Function: Checks, modifies & packages proteins
Lysosome
Structure: Contains enzymes; membrane bound
Function: Breaks down food, waste & damaged cell parts all within the cell
Peroxisome
Structure: Contains enzymes; membrane bound
Function: Protects cell from toxins, especially H2O2.
Vacuole
Structure: fluid filled sacs; small in animal cells; large in plant cells
Function: stores materials for cell
Plastids
Structure: 3 different types
Function: Storage sacs in plant cells only!
Plastids1.Leucoplast – stores starch in roots & stems
2.Chromoplast – stores the orange/yellow pigment
3.Chloroplast- stores the green pigment/ site of photosynthesis
Chloroplast
Structure: 3 membranes; bean shaped; contains chlorophyll (green pigment)
Function: Uses sunlight to create food, photosynthesis (only found in green plants & algae)
Mitochondria
Structure: Bean shaped; 2 membranes; has own DNA & ribosomes
Function: Supplies energy to the cell; site of cellular respiration; ‘powerhouse’ of cell
Chloroplast & MitochondriaBoth have: more than 1 membrane
‘Powerhouse’ of their cells
Contain their own DNA
Reproduce independently of the cell
Were they once free-living prokaryotic cells?!
Cytoplasm/Cytosol
Structure: Jelly – like substance between the area of the nucleus & cell membrane
Function: Hold organelles in place & site for chemical reactions
Cytoskeleton
Structure: A network of protein filaments (microtubules, microfilaments)
Function: Supports & shapes the cell
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
Structure: Thin folded membranes that are connected together.
No ribosomes
Function: Transport, "intracellular highway“. Also makes lipids; breaks down toxins such as drugs/alcohol
Centrosome/Centrioles
Structure: Small region of cytoplasm, made up of microtubules; pair of centrioles
Function: Helps the cell divide
Flagellum (flagella = plural)
Tail used for movement
Cilium (cilia = plural)Tiny hair-like projections on cell exterior used
For movement and gathering food
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