www.iap.uni-jena.de
Optical Design with Zemax
for PhD - Basics
Lecture 9: Imaging
2020-01-08
Herbert Gross
Speaker: Dennis Ochse
Winter term 2019
Preliminary Schedule
No Date Subject Detailed content
1 23.10. Introduction
Zemax interface, menus, file handling, system description, editors, preferences, updates,
system reports, coordinate systems, aperture, field, wavelength, layouts, diameters, stop
and pupil, solves
2 30.10.Basic Zemax
handling
Raytrace, ray fans, paraxial optics, surface types, quick focus, catalogs, vignetting,
footprints, system insertion, scaling, component reversal
3 06.11.Properties of optical
systems
aspheres, gradient media, gratings and diffractive surfaces, special types of surfaces,
telecentricity, ray aiming, afocal systems
4 13.11. Aberrations I representations, spot, Seidel, transverse aberration curves, Zernike wave aberrations
5 20.11. Aberrations II Point spread function and transfer function
6 27.11. Optimization I algorithms, merit function, variables, pick upβs
7 04.12. Optimization II methodology, correction process, special requirements, examples
8 11.12. Advanced handling slider, universal plot, I/O of data, material index fit, multi configuration, macro language
9 08.01. Imaging Fourier imaging, geometrical images
10 15.01. Correction I Symmetry, field flattening, color correction
11 22.01. Correction II Higher orders, aspheres, freeforms, miscellaneous
12 29.01. Tolerancing I Practical tolerancing, sensitivity
13 19.02. Tolerancing II Adjustment, thermal loading, ghosts
14 26.02. Illumination I Photometry, light sources, non-sequential raytrace, homogenization, simple examples
15 04.03. Illumination II Examples, special components
16 11.03. Physical modeling I Gaussian beams, Gauss-Schell beams, general propagation, POP
17 18.03. Physical modeling II Polarization, Jones matrix, Stokes, propagation, birefringence, components
18 25.03. Physical modeling III Coatings, Fresnel formulas, matrix algorithm, types of coatings
19 01.04. Physical modeling IVScattering and straylight, PSD, calculation schemes, volume scattering, biomedical
applications
20 08.04. Additional topicsAdaptive optics, stock lens matching, index fit, Macro language, coupling Zemax-Matlab /
Python
2
1. Fourier imaging
2. Coherence and imaging
3. Phase imaging
4. Imaging with ZEMAX
Content
3
diffracted ray
direction
object
structure
g = 1 /
/ g
k
kx
βͺ Phase space with spatial coordinate x and
1. angle
2. spatial frequency in mm-1
3. transverse wavenumber kx
βͺ Fourier spectrum
corresponds to a plane wave expansion
βͺ Diffraction at a grating with period g:
deviation angle of first diffraction order varies linear with = 1/g
sin ππ₯ = π β π£π₯ =ππ₯π
),(Λ),( yxEFvvA yx
( ) ( )A k k z E x y z e dx dyx y
i xk ykx y, , ( , , )β +
vk 2
vg
1
sin
Fourier imagingDefinitions of Fourier optics
4
βͺ Diffraction of the illumination wave at the object structure
βͺ Occurrence of the diffraction orders in the pupil
βͺ Image generation by constructive interference of the supported orders
βͺ Object details with high spatial frequency are blocked by the system aperture and cannot
be resolved
-1
1
object planesource
pupil plane
image plane
0
imaginglens
Ref: W. Singer
Fourier imagingAbbe theory of microscopic resolution
5
βͺ Grating object pupil
βͺ Imaging with NA = 0.8
βͺ Imaging with NA = 1.3
Ref: L. Wenke
6Fourier imagingResolution and spatial frequencies
βͺ Arbitrary object expanded into a spatial
frequency spectrum by Fourier
transform
βͺ Every frequency component is
considered separately
βͺ To resolve a spatial detail, at least
two orders must be supported by the
system
π β sin π = π β π
ππππ =π
sin π=
π
ππ΄
Ref: M. Kempe
optical
system
object
diffracted orders
a)
resolved
b) not
resolved
+1.
+1.
+2.
+2.
0.
-2.
-1.
0.
-2.
-1.
incident
light
7Fourier imagingGrating diffraction and resolution
optical
system
object
diffracted orders
a)
resolved
b) not
resolved
+1.
+1.
+2.
+2.
0.
-2.
-1.
0.
-2.
-1.
incident
light
c) off-axis
illumination
+1.
+2.
0.
-1.
-2.
ππππ =π
2 β ππ΄
βͺ A structure of the object is resolved, if the first diffraction order is propagated
through the optical imaging system
βͺ The fidelity of the image increases with the number of propagated diffracted orders
0. / +1. / -1. order
0. / +1. / -1.
+2. / -2.
order
0. / +1. -1. / +2. /
-2. / +3. / -3.
order
Fourier imagingNumber of supported orders
8
Ref: D.Aronstein / J. Bentley
object
pointlow spatial
frequencies
high spatial
frequencies
high spatial
frequencies
numerical aperture
resolved
frequencies
object
object detail
decomposition
of Fourier
components
(sin waves)
image for
low NA
image for
high NA
object
sum
Fourier imagingResolution of Fourier components
9
βͺ Imaging of a crossed grating object
βͺ Spatial frequency filtering by a slit:
βͺ Case 1:
- pupil open
- Cross grating imaged
βͺ Case 2:
- truncation of the pupil by a split
- only one direction of the grating is
resolved
pupil complete open
pupil truncated by slit
image
Fourier imagingFourier filtering
10
βͺ Improved resolution by oblique illumination in microscopy
βͺ Enhancement only in one direction
centered illumination:
supported orders in y : 0 , +1 , -1
oblique illumination :
supported orders in y : 0 , +1 , + 2
0th order y
1st order in y
2nd order in y
- 1st order in y
no change
in x direction
Fourier imagingOblique illumination in microscopy
11
βͺ Optical system with magnification m
Pupil function P,
Pupil coordinates xp,yp
βͺ PSF is Fourier transform
of the pupil function
(scaled coordinates)
( )( ) ( )
β+ββ
pp
myyymxxxz
ik
pppsf dydxeyxPNyxyxgpp ''
,)',',,(
( ) pppsf yxPFNyxg ,Λ),(
object
planeimage
plane
source
point
point
image
distribution
Coherence and imagingPoint spread function
12
objectintensity image
intensity
single
psf
object
planeimage
plane
βͺ Transfer of an extended
object distribution Iobj(x,y)
βͺ In the case of shift invariance
(isoplanatism):
incoherent convolution
βͺ Intensities are additive
βͺ In frequency space:
- product of spectra
- linear transfer theory
- spectrum of the psf works as
low pass filter onto the object
spectrum
- Optical transfer function
),(*),()','( yxIyxIyxI objpsfima
dydxyxIyyxxIyxI objpsfima
β
β
),()',,',()','(
dydxyxIyyxxIyxI objpsfima
β
β
ββ ),()','()','(
),(),( yxIFTvvH PSFyxotf
),(),(),( yxobjyxotfyximage vvIvvHvvI
Coherence and imagingFourier theory of incoherent image formation
13
βͺ Transfer of an extended
object distribution Eobj(x,y)
βͺ In the case of shift invariance
(isoplanasie):
coherent convolution of fields
βͺ Complex fields additive
βͺ In frequency space:
- product of spectra
- linear transfer theory with fields
- spectrum of the psf works as
low pass filter onto the object
spectrum
- Coherent optical transfer
function
object
plane image
plane
object
amplitude
distribution
single point
image
image
amplitude
distribution
πΈπππ(π₯β², π¦β²) = ΰΆ±π΄ππ π π₯, π¦, π₯β², π¦β² β πΈ(π₯, π¦)ππ₯ππ¦
πΈπππ(π₯β², π¦β²) = ΰΆ±π΄ππ π π₯ β π₯β², π¦ β π¦β² β πΈπππ(π₯, π¦)ππ₯ππ¦
πΈπππ(π₯β², π¦β²) = π΄ππ π π₯, π¦ β πΈπππ(π₯, π¦)
π»ππ‘π(π£π₯, π£π¦) = πΉπ π΄ππ π(π₯, π¦)
πΈπππ(π£π₯, π£π¦) = π»ππ‘π(π£π₯, π£π¦) β πΈπππ(π£π₯, π£π¦)
Coherence and imagingFourier theory of coherent image formation
14
πΌπππ(π₯β², π¦β²) = π΄ππ π π₯, π¦ β πΈπππ π₯, π¦2
object
amplitude
U(x,y)
PSF
amplitude-
response
Hpsf (xp,yp)
image
amplitude
U'(x',y')
convolution
result
object
amplitude
spectrum
u(vx,vy)
coherent
transfer
function
hCTF (vx,vy)
image
amplitude
spectrum
u'(v'x,v'y)
product
result
Fourier
transform
Fourier
transform
Fourier
transform
Coherent Imaging
object
intensity
I(x,y)
squared PSF,
intensity-
response
Ipsf
(xp,y
p)
image
intensity
I'(x',y')
convolution
result
object
intensity
spectrum
I(vx,v
y)
optical
transfer
function
HOTF
(vx,v
y)
image
intensity
spectrum
I'(vx',v
y')
produkt
result
Fourier
transform
Fourier
transform
Fourier
transform
Incoherent Imaging
Coherence and imagingFourier theory of image formation
15
object
-0.05 0 0.05
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
incoherent coherent
-0.05 0 0.05
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
-0.05 0 0.05
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
-0.05 0 0.05
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
-0.05 0 0.05
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
-0.05 0 0.05
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
-0.05 0 0.05
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
-0.05 0 0.05
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
-0.05 0 0.05
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
-0.05 0 0.05
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
bars resolved bars not resolved bars resolved bars not resolved
Coherence and imagingComparison coherent β incoherent image formation
16
βͺ Incoherent image:
homogeneous areas, good similarity between object
and image, high fidelity
βͺ Coherent image:
Granulation of area ranges, diffraction ripple at
edges
incoherent coherent
incoherent
coherent
Coherence and imagingComparison coherent β incoherent image formation
17
πΌ π₯ =ΰΆΈπ2ππππ (π₯1βπ₯2) β π(ππ )2 β β π₯ β π₯1 β ββ π₯ β π₯2 β π π₯1 β πβ π₯2 dπ₯1dπ₯2dππ
Coherence and imagingPartially coherent imaging β KΓΆhler illumination
Simulation of partially coherent illumination:
βͺ Finite size of light source
βͺ Every point in light source is considered to emit independent (incoherent)
βͺ Off-axis point in light source plane generates an inclined plane wave in the object
βͺ Angular spectrum illumination of the object describes partial coherence
βͺ Intensity in image plane:
object plane
pupilplane
imageplane
f f f f
u() U (x)1
h()
f f
lightsource
s() U (x)0
T(x)
s
s h(x)
I(x)
T(x)
18
Coherent
Off Axis Annular Annular
Dipole Rotated Dipole
Disk = 0.5 Disk = 0.8
6 -Channel
βͺ Variation of the pupil illumination
βͺ Enhancement of resolution
βͺ Improvement of contrast
βͺ Object specific optimization
Ref: W. Singer
Coherence and imagingPupil illumination pattern
19
π(π₯) = π΅(π₯) β ππΞ¦(π₯)
πΈ(π₯) = 1 + π β Ξ¦(π₯)
πΈβ²(π₯β²) = ππ + π β Ξ¦(π₯β²)
πΌβ² π₯β² = π2 + π β Ξ¦(π₯β²)
condenserimage
Bertrand
lens
objective
lens
ring shaped
stopobject
phase
plate
βͺ Pure phase object is not visible
βͺ Approximation small phase
βͺ Pupil modified: 0th order damped by factor a
and phase rotated by 90Β°
βͺ Approximated image intensity
0th order
Phase imagingZernike phase contrast
20
βͺ Phase contrast methods:
Making phase object visible
sample 1
bright
field
phase
contrast
image
sample 2 sample 3
Phase imagingComparison bright field vs. phase contrast
21
Possible options in Zemax:
βͺ Convolution of image with PSF
1. geometrical
2. with diffraction
βͺ Geometrical raytrace analysis
1. simple geometrical shapes (IMA-files)
2. bitmaps
βͺ Diffraction imaging:
1. partially coherent
2. extendedwith variable PSF
βͺ Structure of options in Zemax not clear
βͺ Redundance
βͺ Field definition and size scaling not good
βͺ Numerical conditions and algorithms partially unclear
Imaging with ZEMAXOverview
22
Field size definitions
βͺ Total field size in data (angle or length)
βͺ Selected field index
βͺ Relative size of structure in the total field
βͺ Shown part of the field
βͺ Not completely consistent
in the different imaging tools
plotted image size
/ pixel x Npix
selected field (index)
field heigth
relative field size
of object structure
y
real maximum size
of the field
x
Imaging with ZEMAXOverview
23
βͺ Field height: size of object in the specific coordinates of the system
- zero padding included (not: size = diameter)
- image size shown is product of pixel number x pixel size
- can be full field or center of local extracted part of the field
βͺ PSF-X/Y points: number of field points to incorporate the changes of the PSF,
interpolation between this
coarse grid
βͺ Object: bitmap
βͺ PSF: geometrical or diffraction
Imaging with ZEMAXImage simulation
24
25
object image
7x7 pixel IMA file10 000 raytraces
From random position inside object pixel
To random position in entrance pupil
Spot diagram
Ref.: M. EΓlinger
Imaging with ZEMAXGeometric image analysis
Geometrical imaging by raytrace
βͺ Binary IMA-files with geometrical shapes
βͺ Choice of:
- field size
- image size,
- wavelengths
- number of rays
βͺ Interpolation possible
Imaging with ZEMAXGeometric image analysis
26
Geometrical imaging by raytrace
of bitmaps
βͺ Extension of 1st option:
can be calculated at any surface
βͺ If full field is used, this
corresponds to a footprint with
all rays
βͺ Example: light distribution
in pupil, at last surface, in image
Imaging with ZEMAXGeometric image analysis
27
28
10 rays per pixel1 ray per pixel
100 rays per pixel 1000 rays per pixelRef.: M. EΓlinger
Imaging with ZEMAXGeometric bitmap image analysis
βͺ Different types of partially coherent model algorithms possible
βͺ Only IMA-Files can be used as objects
βͺ a describes the coherence factor (relative pupil filling)
βͺ Very limited source distributions
βͺ Control and algorithms not clear
Imaging with ZEMAXPartially coherent image analysis
29
βͺ Classical convolution of PSF
with pixels of IMA-File
βͺ Coherent and incoherent
model possible
βͺ PSF may vary over field
position
Imaging with ZEMAXExtended diffraction image analysis
30
31
Ref.: M. EΓlinger
βͺ IMA (Image file)
- Illumination brightness in each point of the object
- Zemax provides basic shapes like the letter βFβ
- ASCII format with 10 different grey values or binary with 256 grey values
βͺ BIM (binary image)
- like IMA, but 64bit (double precision) float values
βͺ ZBF (Zemax beam file)
- for sophisticated illumination optics
- many features only available in Premium Version of Zemax
βͺ BMP (bmp, jpg or png)
- 3 x 8 bit RGB values ( raytrace with FdC: 656 nm, 587 nm and 486 nm)
- for greyscale detector: raytrace with FdC, averaging on detector plane
Imaging with ZEMAXImaging objects
32
Ref.: M. EΓlinger
Advantages and Disadvantages of Geometric Raytracing
+ Easy to understand
+ Field dependent errors are considered automatically
- Does not include Diffraction Limit
- Requires large number of rays (slow)
- Coherent imaging is difficult
ObjectFile type
conv. raytrace diffraction
spatial variant aberr.
pupilaberr.
Coherence
BMP IMA BIM ZBF coh.part. coh. incoh.
Image Simulation X X X
Geometric X X X X X
Geometric Bitmap X X X X X X
Partially Coherent X X X
Extended Diffraction X X X X
Imaging with ZEMAXSummary
33
Ref.: M. EΓlinger
Advantages and Disadvantages of Convolution based algorithms
+ Easy to implement Diffraction Limit
+ Fast Fourier Transform based (fast)
+ Possibility to calculate also coherent imaging
- Although diffraction is considered, aberrations are calculated from tracing
geometrical rays (result is not a rigorous wave-optical solution)
- FFT-PSF in systems with pupil-aberration creates wrong results ( Only
Huygens-PSF method works correctly )
- Field dependent errors and spatial variant aberrations
are not trivial to implement (possible with Zemax, but itβs not always clear
how this is performed)
Imaging with ZEMAXSummary
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