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By:
Krishan Kumar Undergraduate Student of B.Sc.(Hons.) Physics 3rd Year
Under Supervision of
Dr. Mukesh Kumar Assistant Professor in Physics
at
Physics Department,
Swami Shraddhanand College,
University of Delhi
Swami Shraddhanand College
[University of Delhi]
Summer Research
Project Report (2015)
ON
“Innovative Energy Generation
from Vehicle’s Waste Wind”
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It is my pleasure to be indebted to various people, who directly or indirectly contributed in
the development of this work and who influenced my thinking, behaviour, and acts during
the course of study.
I express my sincere gratitude to Dr. Parveen Garg, Acting Principal Swami Shraddhanand
College, Alipur, Delhi-36 for providing me an opportunity to undergo summer training
Research Work and permitting me to use the resources available.
I am thankful to contemplative Assistant Professor Dr. Mukesh Kumar for his support,
cooperation, and motivation provided to me during the training for constant inspiration,
presence and blessings.
I also extend my sincere appreciation to Mr Sunil who provided his valuable suggestions
and precious time in accomplishing my project report.
Last but not the least, I would like to thank the almighty and my parents for their moral
support and my tactful friends with whom I shared my day-to-day experience and received
lots of suggestions that improved my quality of work.
Krishan Kumar BSc. Physics (H) [4181439017]
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Declaration
I, Krishan Kumar, student of Physics (H) Vth Semester, studying at Swami
Shraddhanand College, Alipur (University of Delhi ), hereby declare that the summer
research project report on “Innovative Energy Generation from Vehicle’s Waste Wind”
is original work conducted by me.
The information and data given in the report is authentic to the best of my
knowledge.
This summer training report is not being submitted to any other University for
award of any other Degree, Diploma, Certificate and Fellowship.
Krishan Kumar
BSc. Physics (H)
[4181439017]
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Swami Shraddhanand College, University of Delhi
Alipur, Delhi-110036
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that this summer project report entitled
“Innovative Energy Generation from Vehicle’s Waste Wind” is
a bonafide record of work done by “Krishan Kumar”, a
student of B.Sc. Physics (H), Vth Semester, university roll
number 4181439017 under the supervision of Dr. Mukesh
Kumar , Faculty Physics department, Swami Shraddhanand
College, from 3 June, 2015 to 20 July, 2015.
Dr. Mukesh Kumar
Supervisor
Summer Project
Dr. Parveen Garg
Acting Principal
Swami Shraddhanand College
PLACE: Delhi
DATE: 27 July 2015
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Table of Contents
1. OBJECTIVES OF STUDY …(6)
2. INTRODUCTION of the TOPIC …(6)
3. PROPOSED STUDY and SIGNIFICANCE …(11)
I. Review and Rationale of Study …(12)
II. Origin of Problem …(13)
III. Methodology …(15)
IV. Possibility and Significance of Study …(15)
4. INNOVATIVE ENERGY GENERATION …(16)
I. Innovative thought …(16)
II. Mathematical Model and Discussion …(18)
5. RESULTS and DISCUSSION …(22)
I. Feasibility of Model …(24)
6. FINDINGS-CUM-CONCLUSION …(25)
7. LIMITATIONS of STUDY …(26)
8. BIBLIOGRAPHY …(27)
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SUMMER RESEARCH PROJECT
1. OBJECTIVE OF STUDY:
To study the Innovative Methods of Energy generation from Vehicle’s
Waste Energy.
2. INTRODUCTION :
It is the Energy which control whole universe and energy is the symbol of
importance . Energy is the need for everyone from our ancestor to our future
generation. There is much historical evidence which prove that many war took place
to gain more and more energy resources. In addition to energy resources, energy
conservation and energy use efficiency are also key factor for avoiding the
situation of energy deficiency. So everyone is looking for more efficient and long-
lasting techniques and more energy resources as well to feed the giant industries
which are working day and night for the luxury of citizens. Round the clock, the
consumption of energy is increasing leaps and bounds.
Fig 1.1 Increasing Trend of Carbon Emission World Wide
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The fig 1.1 clearly indicates the sharp increment in world energy consumption since 1960 [4]
[16]. Every corner of globe has seen a hike in energy consumption due to increasing
standards of people and using machines which required energy to operate. The scenario may
have been worsened by the only use of fossil / Non-Renewable sources of Energy which are
not going to last long. Further their increased exploitation is rigorously demolishing the
ecological balance and polluting the environment. Figure 1.2 shows the energy
consumption sector wise during the year 2013-14 and is about 882592 GWh enough to
shook the reservoir of Non-Renewable energy [4][16].
Their leaps and bounds increased use has forced us to look for an alternative to meet the cut-
throat energy demand of consumers. Basically, a non-renewable resource is a natural resource
that cannot be re-made or re-grown at a scale comparable to its consumption. Furtherfossil
fuels (Natural Gas, CNG, Coal, Petrochemicals etc.) consumptions are being about 85% of
total energy use [16]. But their rate of consumption cannot be compensated by the nature as
the rate is high enough to out power the re-building of fossils. The remaining amount of a
particular resource is often characterized by so-called Reserves-to-Production ratio (R/P)
[16]. In plain language, R/P basically gives us the length of time the reserves would last if
Fig 1.2 Energy Consumption in Different Sectors in India
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their usage continues at the current rate. Here are estimated world total R/P ratios for the
main conventional fuels:
Oil - 46 years,
Natural gas - 58 years,
Coal - 118 years.
Apart from being a finite source of energy, they also excrete some hostile by-products too as
Carbon Monoxide, CO2 and other hazardous gases. These emissions will certainly affect our
environment and has started showing the ill-effects in the form of skin Cancer, respiratory
problems etc.
In contrast, Renewable energy are generally known by the name of green energy and are
consistently being replenished by the nature. The environment is comparatively little affected
by their use then by conventional sources. The globe harness the Renewable Energy by
various sources as from Sun’s electromagnetic radiations, tidal winds, oceans, Earth’s
internal Heat and much more. Some of practically and efficiently used alternative energy
resources are:
Solar Energy: Manifested in sun in the form of light and heat and its radiation
can be converted to electricity on the basis of photoelectric effect .
Wind Energy: Natural conditions of climate and geography due to sun derives
the winds , whose energy is captured with wind turbines .
Biomass: The rain, sunlight causes plants to grow. They decay and form
biodegradable waste. Firewood, animal dung and biodegradable waste from cities
and crop residues- are source of energy when it is burnt.
Geo Thermal Energy: Derived from hot dry rocks, magma, hot water springs,
natural geysers, etc.
Hydro Energy: Water, a product of the evaporation caused by wind and sun’s heat.
Runoff from higher elevations to sea level can be used to generate electricity.
Ocean Energy: The temperature difference between surface of ocean and depth
cause by sun light can also be used to produce electricity.
One of another source of Non-Renewable energy is Nuclear Energy which comes from the
atom. The atoms are smallest particles and have almost no volume but have ironically
enormous source of energy. To get energy from atoms their bonds are broken which are
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founded in nucleus of atom, this breakout releases high amount of energy and further used for
thermal energy conversion purposes. Two most
efficient ways to break the bond of atom from it
nucleus are nuclear fusion and nuclear fission. Nuclear
fission is a general process to harness energy from the
nuclei of atom by tearing it apart into pieces. Energy
gathered in this process is used worldwide to produce
electricity. On the other hand, nuclear fusion is the
binding process of nucleus to harness enormous
amount of Energy. This would generates enormous
heat that produces steam which then used to rotate
turbines for electricity generation. Nuclear energy is
not broadly used due to having control difficulties and uncontrolled explosion of this energy
may lead to some accidents. Some hostile mind mending incidents as Chernobyl disaster
(1986), Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster (2011), and the Three Mile Island accident (1979)
will keep throating up the loss caused by Nuclear Energy to humanity.
The best possible technique is to shift the load from fossil / non-renewable energy sources to
controlled renewable energy resource with innovating sustainable development techniques.
Renewable resources are eco-friendly and have vast resources to cater the need of people.
One another reason for searching other energy long lasting resources is to not deprive our
coming generations of these fossil / nonrenewable resources.
The energy generation is not only problematic issue but also their efficient utilization and
their conservation. Various government agencies like MNRE, Bureau of Energy Efficiency
[3] etc. are taking various measures, activities for National Campaign on Energy production,
safety and their conservations. Indian Government is also emphasizing the use of eco-friendly
renewable energy by its various welfare schemes such as Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar
Mission (JNNSM) to generate 20,000 MW by 2022 [20]. Also government is also providing
LED’s to the citizens on EMI via electrical energy distributing companies to decrease the
energy load of individual house.
So today pertinent challenge is to find new energy resources to meet its energy demands, to
minimize energy wastage and environmentally safe resources for making our society as a
Figure 1.3
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sustained society. The increased pressure on natural resources and environmental degradation
is not a good situation for a responsible civilized society.
Hunt for efficient Renewable Energy sources in the recent years has emerged as a serious
research and policy agenda. Further there is also a need of people awareness from time to
time to focus on eco-friendly energy resources to make their progenitors future bright.
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3. PROPOSED STUDY & SIGNIFICANCE
The luxurious life of 21st Century people along with increased travel demands has not only
increased the number of vehicles on road but also a desire for more speed of the vehicle.
Most of the Indian cities like Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata and Chennai etc. have got busy
highways like other global cities leading to continuous and speedy road wave turbulence. The
figure 3.1 shows that the growth in number of vehicles in metro cities has outpaced the rate of
population growth [22]. On an average, though the population has increased by about 1.89
times during 1981-2001, but the number of vehicles has increased at a rate of 7.75 times
during the same period. It means that motor vehicles have seen almost four times faster
growth than population.
Like other parts of country, energy thrust of Delhiites is also growing leaps and bounds. If
we look for the geographical location of Delhi which enjoys a humid subtropical climate and
counters direct sunlight round the year. This graces a huge potential of solar and other
associated renewable energy power generation for Delhiites. Their daily increasing energy
demands forced city planner to look for other easily available energy resources. This must be
treated in dual ways, not only the more generation of energy but also to minimize energy loss.
This loss can be minimized by the use of efficient and modern systems. The increasingly
vehicle traffic on roads is also an indicator of the development and modern society. But
Fig 2.1 Percentage Growth in Number of Vehicles with growth in Population (1981-2001) in Metro Cities
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with this , increasing traffic also contribute a significant energy loss due to factors like
aerodynamic loss and friction etc.
With increasing global energy consumptions not only the global energy reservoirs are
decreasing but a huge amount of energy goes waste due to inefficient work-energy
conversion machine. Various private sector companies, NGO’s and Environmentalists are
joining their hands with various government agencies to reduce energy wastage.
The vehicles generally use combustible petrochemical products to supply energy to Engines
in order to produce work. But this vehicle fuel problem adds up to the inefficient nature of
internal combustion engine. Around 60 percentage of fuel's chemical energy is not converted
to useful mechanical energy thereby losing energy through engine friction and wasted heat.
Though the quality of fuel has increased in recent days but still the increased number of
vehicles has out powered this quality rise leading to excessive loss of fuel energy. These
speedy vehicles particularly trucks and other such heavy vehicles not only generates
airturbulence but also maximize the use of gasoline in vehicles is to overcome the resistance
due to atmosphere or aerodynamic Resistance.
This loss of vehicle energy in the form of heat, momentum impact can be managed by
nature if the quantity of loss is under nature tolerance limits. Increased number of vehicles
has powered out this quantity rise leading to excessive and some significant loss of energy
which in turn may adversely impact environmental health in the form of increased
environmental pollution, unbalanced ecosystem etc. This loss energy increment also
provides a scope of energy generation from waste energy and can be directly related with the
roadside use of energy consumption.
3.1 REVIEW AND RATIONALE OF STUDY
Few works are also being carried out around the globe for reutilization of this aerodynamic
drag. Many contemporary researchers like Christof Liebe, Reinhard Mahnke, Reinhart
Kuhne [2011], T.Morbito and his group [2010],Sinisa S and team [2009], E.H Wang and
team [2011] have done an exemplary work in explaining the working of aerodynamic drag
and their working in general condition.
Christof Liebe with his colleagues [5] in year 2011, described dynamics of Traffic Roads
and put forward a probabilistic model. They investigated the flux of mechanical energy so
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that balanced energy can be evaluated out of non-linear vehicular particles. On highways,
he calculated the Flow-Density Relationship.
William p. Robbins and his team in the year 2006 [36] also study wind energy
generation in a wind turbine from air wind with the help of piezoelectric membrane.
Inspire of using blades in turbine, they preferred to use flag-like membrane, called piezo
elements or bimorphs which are composed of flexible piezo electric material. Wind
breeze caused the membrane to flap, causing to generate bending stress inside the body,
which in turn generate electricity across the electrodes placed on the surface.
E H Wang [9] in the year also successfully converted the loss on highways into useful
gift. He emphasise on thermal waste rather than aero dynamical waste, still his
phenomenon to capture low grade waste heat on road via Organic Rankine Cycle will
help us a lot in final stage. Further it helped us to study the efficiency of Vehicle’s
Engine.
M .Kumar and Sagar Dahiya [17] in the year 2013 studied the vehicle heat emission
impact on environment and they have suggested the possible way of reducing the heat
impact through the use of Thermo Electric Generator.
T. Morbiato and his team [34] in the year 2010 did a great work in studying the wind
profiles generated by wind traffic. They have treated the vehicles soundings air as a
low viscous fluid and situation of vehicles movement in air is similar to vehicles
movement in water with higher viscosity fluid . They studied the aerodynamic drag of
both isolated trucks and flock of trucks. Their result shows the existence of quantified
drag coefficient distribution, the viscous phenomenon velocity losses generated by roof
and the changes in velocity distribution.
3.2 ORIGIN OF PROBLEM
The laws of conservation of energy, laws of thermodynamics and Bernoulli's theorem can
play a major role in studying the energy loss during conversion machine. From review and
rationale of related work done, the following important outcome related to energy generation
from waste energy come out:
Renewable Energy can solve our energy demands if it harness tactfully and wind
energy is a clean source of energy probably a good option for us ;
Wind Turbine help us to capture the wind kinetic energy and generate electricity ;
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Number of vehicle as well as speed of vehicles are increasing day by day , this
also increase vehicle energy consumption ;
Energy cannot be created or destroyed; only its form can be changed.
The speedy vehicles particularly trucks and other such heavy vehicles not only
generate air turbulence but also maximize the use of gasoline in vehicles is to
overcome the resistance due to atmosphere or aerodynamic Resistance
From the previous study / work done by -
Christof Liebe who gave idea of variable air flow-flux density with varying
transformation of constellation of vehicles.
E. H. Wang and M. Kumar thought of energy generation from the waste vehicle’s
energy on highways.
T. Morbiato suggested that the energy wasted by vehicles is sufficient enough to
recapture them via wind turbine.
It is clear that wind energy can be a good option for to cut out these exponentially growing
energy demands. But wind turbine installation will be successful to those places where there
is high wind speed like costal area. The high wind speed required because rotation of
turbine blade require an adequate high initial momentum. The advancement in technology
has bring down the mass of blade, improvement in blade profile as well as
development of some other materials to capture wind impact for example piezoelectric
sensors.
On the other hand the number of vehicle, speed of vehicle are increasing with the
quality of the roads. Their speed can generate some wind turbulence which may affect
the air velocity otherwise this speedy wind goes waste in the environment.
In this work we try to co-relate these two important concept i.e. generation of electricity
from wind speed through wind turbine and speedy vehicle can generate air turbulence
which may affect turbine motion i.e. “Energy Generation from Vehicle’s Waste Wind ".
This is innovative because we are talking about generation of energy from the utilized energy
which is otherwise going to be waste.
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Figure 2.2
3.3 METHODOLOGY
On basis of problem related study and in view of our problem we have adopted
following step-wise methodology :
Stage 1 : First we are going to see the feasibility of using wind turbine in those
place where wind speed is not very high and which setup positions and
shape of turbine will be better for economical viable output.
Stage 2 : Next we make a mathematical model to compute the wind turbine output
power and this provide an estimate of generated power. This model must
demonstrate how generated power, turbine speed depend son vehicle speeds.
Stage 3 : In this stage we do model result analysis to check feasibility of setting such
wind turbine in practical life to capture vehicle loss energy.
Stage 4 : In last we study the limitations of the proposed model and suggestion of
modification in proposed model for better output, if any .
3.4 POSSIBILITY AND SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY
If it is possible to utilize this vehicle waste energy which is being wasted in the form of
wind turbulence, then we are able to
generate energy from waste energy .
This can be possible because
according to the law of conservation
of energy - Energy neither be created
nor destroyed, only its form can be
change. If this change is economically
viable then this can help in satisfying
the unending greed of human
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encountering energy problems in their day-to-day life.
This could be possible by a tactful setup of wind energy capturing turbines, This power
generation can be increased if we take care of location, shape of turbine and with the use of
piezo sensor. If one locates turbine near to heavily accelerate traffic such as at flyovers, slip
downs, tunnels etc. more wind power can be generated. Fixed speed lanes can also produce
variable speed of vehicles so the variable speeds of turbine.
This study will be having a great importance because:
This study not only provided exact use of energy resources to minimize energy loss
but also came up with some innovate new techniques to generate energy to meet the
society's energy needs.
This study provides estimation and possibilities of vehicle driven wind power
generation.
This study provide a significant use air impact which in turn may adversely impact
environmental health in the form of increased environmental pollution, unbalanced
ecosystem etc.
The energy generation shall be at least sufficient for lightening roadside and this save
electricity which can be used for some other purpose.
This would also help government policy maker to get detail energy resources data for new
policy framework to develop Delhi as world class city or “Smart City.
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4. INNOVATIVE METHOD OF ENERGY GENERATION
I. Innovative Thought
A vehicle after consuming fuel energy in the form of petrol, CNG, diesels etc. perform an
inefficient task of speedy motion on the road. We are calling inefficient because no engine
have 100% efficiency, so some of the energy waste in form of heat and other by the
vehicle engine itself. We cannot save this waste but one can minimize it by using more
efficient engine. Vehicle engine perform the task of vehicle movement. Our vehicle is not
moving in isolation but surrounded by air pressure. One can correlate this vehicle
movement to movement of a body in high viscous fluid like water. The only difference
between two situations is density / viscosity of the medium. So a vehicle in motion creates
high wind turbulence or air drag on the road like a body movement does in water. The
wind power capturing by wind mills on sea area inspire us to set a wind turbines in the
path of high wind turbulence to captured air thrust and generate Energy. The laws of
conservation of energy and thermo-dynamical laws provided some scope for such
innovative techniques for energy generation from utilized energy wastage. This study
primarily tried to develop some new innovative method for conservation of energy and
regenerations of energy from waste energy.
This is innovative because we are talking about generation of energy from the utilized
energy. The amount of generation energy will be very less as compared to consume which is
otherwise going to be waste. Only thing that we have to do is to increase the amount of
generation. The speed of vehicle is limited to a certain range due to safety issue; only thing
that we can do is to increase capturing area for wind speed. This would involve some
vertically and horizontally turbines set-up in series at a certain distance from each other,
locations like depressions on roads, overpasses, tunnels etc. where the probable speed of
vehicle will be comparatively maximum. Bernoulli’s theorem can give answer to such issues
[1].
For ample and feasible capturing of waste mechanical energy by vehicles on road, one can
use both Horizontal Axis turbines and Vertical Axis turbine as well.
Horizontal Axis turbines [12] can be set in the middle of road with the help of axles while
Vertical Axis turbines can be put up on dividers as shown in the figure 3.2.
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The selection of a wind mill - Horizontal Axis turbines or Vertical Axis turbines depends on
how it will harness more and more energy from the aero dynamical loss of the system. In our
situation series of vertical axis turbines along the divider of two way lanes may be more
fruitful to us. Further Vertical axis turbine can also be easily set up in one way multi-lane
roads. These vertical axis turbines setup must be such that their blades get maximum expose
to these generated speedy winds. The some of the suggest road location are -
Sites near the downfall of a Fly-over ;
Expressways with minimum red lights and
sub-roads or dividers.
Exit points Tunnel roads where the wind
speed is at the consideration level.
In the middle of underpasses etc.
These are just few option, one can chose any
location but subjected to maximum expose to
these generated speedy winds and have a
considerable level of power generation.
II. Mathematical Model and Discussion
From the previous studies done by eminent scientist Albert Betz in 1919 (Book Published,
1926) [1] , we come to know the well-known equation of wind energy power P, harnessed by
Fig 3.2Multi-Directional Horizontal Axis Turbine [18] Fig 3.1 Vertical Axis series of Turbines at either side of roads [19]
Wind Turbine
Figure 3.3 Sort of type of Underpass on Highways
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wind turbine having blade cross- section area A due to wind velocity Vw in the air like
viscous medium of density ρ is
given by-
P = CpρAVw3 (4.1)
Here Cp is Betz Law limit
which is related to Power
Coefficient and it varies with the
tip speed ratio λ of the turbine in
honour of scientist Albert Betz.
Tip speed ratio is ratio of blade
tip speed to wind speed. The
variation of Cpwith tip speed
ratio λ is shown in fig. 3.4 [24].
This law concluded that no wind
turbine can convert more than 16/27 (59.3%) of the kinetic energy of the wind into
mechanical energy turning a rotor.
The qualitative behaviour of air fluid can be understood by using the law of conservation of
energy and Bernoulli theorem. According to Bernoulli theorem lowering of air fluid pressure
may result in increased in the velocity of air flow.
Let us consider an isolated vehicle is moving on the highway with velocity Vv in the air
fluid and vehicle-air drag result in the
setup of air turbulence in the
surrounding air. In order to calculate real
air pressure variation due to vehicle
movement, let us assume a cylindrical air
tube of height h and radius R around
turbine (at least equal to Radius of
turbine) which absorbs all the kinetic
energy of wind turbulence generated.
This assumption lead to a laminar flow of velocity profile having no viscous losses and
turbulence. If there is no loss of air turbulence along curved surface of a cylinder and the
Fig 3.4 Comparison of lambda with respect to Power Coefficient
Figure 3.5
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air turbulence can only enter or exit at the circular face of the cylinder. Thus our
assumption indirectly leads to a relation between effective flow velocity and maximum
velocity i.e. Effective flow velocity is one half of the maximum velocity. The velocity of air
flow Va in cylindrical air tube is dependent on velocity of vehicle Vv and both may have
direct variation so
Va = αVv ... (4.2)
Where α is a correlation coefficient having value from 0 to 1 depending on surrounding area
and vehicle-air drag. A pressure difference is created at end of cylindrical air tube by running
of vehicle, which will result in drag force on wind turbine. The net drag force can be
correlated with cylinder faces pressures as
F = (P 2 − P 1) πR2
The pressure change can itself be related to medium density change Δ ρ and air profile
velocity Va by ½ ΔρVa2. Therefore resultant drag force on wind turbine due to imaginary air
column is
F = Δρ Va2πR
2 (4.3)
This is vehicle aerodynamic drag force and this drag force will perform work in rotating wind
turbine. So net power transfer by air profile will be
P = F.Va
= ΔρVa3πR
2
Or P = Δρ α3Vv
3πR
2 (4.4)
Our calculated eq. (4.4) is similar to previous workout equation by Albert Betz in 1926 and
T. Morbiato in 2014 for wind power P harnessed by wind turbine. The equation (4.4) is
similar to equation (4.1) in term of variation with respect to vehicle speed but having
different coefficient. The Betz law limit utilization of such wind power generated and state
that maximum usable power is only about 59.3%.Therefore wind profile usable power Pu is
Pu ≤ Cp P
Or Pu= 0.29 Δρ α3Vv
3πR
2 (4.5)
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The equation (4.5) gives power generated by a windmill due the velocity profile of a moving
vehicle. This show that
𝑃𝑢 ∝ 𝑉𝑣3
𝑃𝑢 ∝ 𝑅2
And𝑃𝑢 ∝ Δρ
So our mathematical calculation show that usable power is varies cubically with velocity of
vehicle, but same time limited by cubical variation of constants α and density difference.
It is velocity of wind 𝑣𝑎 which rotates the turbine or whose kinetic energy of wind is
transferred to rotational energy of turbine. The rotational speed of turbine having radius R is
given by
𝜔 = 𝐶 𝑣𝑎 / 𝑅
where C is dynamic constant which can be correlate to Betz constant having
maximum value 0.59. In view of this one can easily say that rotational speed of turbine
due a vehicle having speed 𝑣𝑣 is given by
𝜔 = 𝐶 𝑚𝑣
𝑚𝑎𝑅2+ 𝜌2−𝜌1 𝜋𝑅4ℎ
12
𝑣𝑣 (4.6)
The equation (4.6) show that for some optimal R some rotation speed can induced from
speedy vehicle .
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0.3 0.5 0.7 0.9 1.1 1.3 1.5 1.7 1.9 2.1
V=40km/h 0.42 1.94 5.33 11.34 20.69 34.16 52.48 76.39 106.65 144.01
V=60km/h 1.42 6.56 18 38.27 69.88 115.34 177.19 257.9 360.05 486.2
V=80km/h 3.3601 15.556 42.686 90.724 165.64 273.41 420.01 611.42 853.60 1152.5
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
Po
we
r G
en
era
ted
(In
Jo
ule
s)
Power Generated Vs Radius of Turbine at constant α=0.5
5. RESULTS & DISCUSSION
From our observations and mathematical calculations it turn out that vehicle motion
through its velocity Vv induced some velocity to air-mass which can rotate wind turbine
of radius R. The maximum usable power in view of Betz limit is
𝑃𝑢𝑠𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 = 0.29∆𝜌𝛼3𝑉𝑣3𝜋𝑅3 (5.1)
Above equation shows that wind power generated varies cubically with the velocity of
vehicle but limited by the value of Betz limit Cp , correlation coefficient, α and density of
air, ρ.
Case 1: Characteristic of power generation with radius of turbine:
Above Graph 1 clearly states that with the increasing radius of the wind turbine, the ability
of turbine to capture the aerodynamic drag increases increasing the power generating
ability of system. The power generated ranges between 0.42 Joules at radius of turbine at
0.3 metres to 0.1kJoules with radii of turbine at 2.1 metres, for velocity of vehicle at
40km/h under most appropriate conditions. When the vehicles run via speed of 60km/h,
the range substantially increases from 1.43Joule to 0.2kJoules with the same range of
radii of turbine as stated. The power generated seems to be feasible at vehicles speed
80km/h. The range shifts as high to 1.42 joules to 0.5kJoules with the same described
limits of radii.
Graph 1: Power Generated Vs Radius of Turbine at various correlation coefficients
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Graph 2 Graph Between velocity of vehicle and that of power generated (in Watts) which seems to be cubic after neglecting external factors.
The useful power generated with Δρ = 0.1 Kg/m3 and R= 1 m for vehicle’s velocity in the
range 0 to 100 Km/h is shown in graph 2 having correlation coefficient 0.1, 0.5 and 1.
The useful power generated is found of few KW order.
For example useful power generated is 0.5kW for Vv = 60 km/h, Δρ = 0.1 Kg/m3, R= 1 m
and α = 0.5.
Above discuss power value is
maximum because we have
assume that no wind variation
along the column height and
complete air turbulence effect
the wind turbine. But in actual
practice most of wind
variation go useless due to
wide angle as shown.
Figure 4.1 Useful range of a vehicle
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FEASIBILITY of MODEL: The era of 21st century is switching from private use to
corporate use. So, the question of feasibility is a common one. Even it will be right to
state that a model is not being graded if the cost is more than the output.
From above study, it is clear that though the efficiency of our model is less, but it is
sufficient enough to produce an adequate amount of Energy if rented a favourable
condition. If we include energy loss factors like air resistance, friction factor etc. then
still we can use a minimum of 10% of maximum value, available for power generation
then still some significance value can be generated as shown in graph 2.
We can also place the small circular turbine or series of small circular turbines at regular
intervals, then these combined groups of turbines will certainly show a rise in the
efficiency by capturing the wind at larger scale.
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6. Findings-cum-Conclusion:
From above study, we find that a feasible amount of energy is generated which depends on
several factors as direction of wind flowing, speed of vehicle, radius of turbine. The power
generated shows parabolic increase with the blades of turbine and cubic relation with the
velocity of vehicle. Further we can also state that a huge amount of energy is being wasted
everyday on highways which can be re-harnessed to feed the increasing thirst of Human
Civilization for Energy.
One of the methods for feasibly re-generation from highways’ waste is setting wind turbines
at favourable positions. We can also use larger blades and compact design to capture the most
of Aero-Dynamic Drag. The highway lanes can be fixed to a certain optimum speed limit to
increase the efficiency of system. Lower density of material of turbine will enhance the
rotation.
Further, some other improvements can also increase the efficiency of model such as by using
piezo-electric material in place of blades of wind turbine, setting turbines near tunnels, etc.
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7. Limitations of the study :
The prime limitation of our model is that we did not test it on ground, everything is
theoretical. Further, we also neglected the usual drag of wind i.e. the wind that is flowing by
itself in atmosphere. Further, the value of Betz Limit taken by us is not experimental, it’s a
random value. So, the calculation may differ accordingly.
We have opted for random change in the density of air. The density of air will certainly
increase due to high level of dust particles and coke in the air, which is generally on Delhi
Highways. So, power generation will also increase to a meagre quantity. Overall, we have
taken a mid-way in selection of random values of mathematical terms, so that we can get the
lower limit of Power Generation.
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