Journées Chevreul 8 avril 2009
Genetic Program on Oil Palm (E. guineensis)Pl
mEl
it Oil Palm Breeding
Journées Chevreul 8 avril 2009
Genetic Program on Oil Palm (E. guineensis)Pl
mEl
it
Elaeis guineensis (Africa)
Elaeis oleifera (South America)
Two species in the genus Elaeis which intercross
BotanyA giant grass : Monocot, Arecaceae Coconut palm, Date Palm, Rattan... Diploid (2n = 32)
Journées Chevreul 8 avril 2009
Genetic Program on Oil Palm (E. guineensis)Pl
mEl
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Natural range: Humid Tropics - Zones of origin: West Africa (moderately suitable) - Highly suitable expansion zones: Southeast Asia, South America
EcologyDemanding plant for: - water : 1800 mm/year - temperature : minimum >18 °C - sunlight : minimum >1800 hours/year
Current cultivated areaArea of natural distribution
Main producing countries
Indonesia 43,2%
Malaysia 42,8%
South America 4,5%
Africa 3%
Journées Chevreul 8 avril 2009
Genetic Program on Oil Palm (E. guineensis)Pl
mEl
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The oil palm: The oil palm: a cross-fertilizing a cross-fertilizing monoecious plantmonoecious plant
Journées Chevreul 8 avril 2009
Genetic Program on Oil Palm (E. guineensis)Pl
mEl
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Durax Pisifera
(Sterile)
Tenera(Cultivat
ed oil palm)
Journées Chevreul 8 avril 2009
Genetic Program on Oil Palm (E. guineensis)Pl
mEl
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Food uses (for more than 80%)Palm Oil
Fuel Industry
Kernel palm oil
Chemical industry
Cosmetics IndustryDetergents and cleaning products
Journées Chevreul 8 avril 2009
Genetic Program on Oil Palm (E. guineensis)Pl
mEl
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Oil palm 31,7%
43 millions tonnes
Palm kernel3,7%
5 millions tonnes
Rapeseed14,6%
Groundnut3,3% other
5,5%Coconut
2,3% Soybean27,2%
Sunflower8,0%
Cotton3,7%
area in production in millions of ha
0102030405060708090
100
Soybea
n
Sunflower
Oil palm
Palm ke
rnel
Rapes
eed
Cotton
Groundnut
Coconu
t
average yield (tonnes oil/ha)
0,0
0,5
1,0
1,5
2,0
2,5
3,0
3,5
4,0
Soybe
an
Sunflo
wer
Oil palm
Palm ke
rnel
Rapes
eed
Cotton
Groundnut
Cocon
ut
Relative Vegetable oil production in 2008
Datas Oil World 2008
Economic importance 35% of vegetable oil and fat production in 2008
5 % of the areas devoted to oil crops 11,2 millions ha of mature palms + 2 millions ha of immature palms
> 60% estates; the rest smallholders
Journées Chevreul 8 avril 2009
Genetic Program on Oil Palm (E. guineensis)Pl
mEl
it
Challenges
Meeting world demand for oils and fats : +5,2% per year (1998-2007).Limit extentions detrimental to forests
Palm oil contribution : + 9,5% / year (1998-2007).Contribution of genetic progress : +1,2 %/year=> Provide high-yielding planting material
Perennial nature of the plant => Anticipate developments=> Secure growers’invesments
Wide diversity of growing zones=> Create planting materials with broad adaptability, or specifically
adapted to certain ecologies
Very labour-intensive=> Reduce human operations
Journées Chevreul 8 avril 2009
Genetic Program on Oil Palm (E. guineensis)Pl
mEl
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Trends in FFB/year in trial AKGP03
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
Selection criteria
Robust criteria for a long-term vision.
Current criteria
Productivity : FFB Production Vertical growth Extraction rate Oil caracteristics
Secure growers’investments: Resistance to major endemics and stress Production stability
Journées Chevreul 8 avril 2009
Genetic Program on Oil Palm (E. guineensis)Pl
mEl
itA
cyc
le o
f rec
ipro
cal r
ecur
rent
sel
ectio
n Group A
Deli, Angola Group B
(La Mé, Yang, SP540,.)
Progeny Tests
Seeds
(Other Scheme)
Improved Group A Improved Group B
Intro-duction
Intro-duction
Choice of parents
Choice of parents
Impact Impact
One cycle = 20 years ; 3rd cycle under way
Breeding Scheme
1. Selection for Yield and Vertical Growth
Journées Chevreul 8 avril 2009
Genetic Program on Oil Palm (E. guineensis)Pl
mEl
it
Parent A (dura)
Parent B (tenera)
Selfing
xxxxxxxxxxx:
xx (pis)xxx(pis)xx(pis)xxxx(pis)x:
At least 10 different pisifera
50 to 100 dura A’
CATEGORy
Selfing
Seeds
D x P
Constitution of a category of seeds
Journées Chevreul 8 avril 2009
Genetic Program on Oil Palm (E. guineensis)Pl
mEl
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60 years of breeding at CiradIt is arduous ⇒ Agro-industries-partners
Impact on Seed productionCycle I 1959-1979
529 crosses A x BGenetic Blocs La Mé et Mondoni
Cycle II 1976-2010Trials finished 1300 crosses A x B
Genetic Blocs La Mé – Aek Kwasan – La Dibamba – Rio Urubu
Trials under way 1200 crosses A x B
Genetic blocs Aek Loba – La Dibamba - Pobé
Stations
La Mé
Pobè
Socfindo
1975-1985
1983-2008
2003-2018
1. Selection for Yield and Vertical Growth
Journées Chevreul 8 avril 2009
Genetic Program on Oil Palm (E. guineensis)Pl
mEl
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0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
Nord sumatra (no water deficit)
Côte d'Ivoire (-340 mn/an)
1.2%/year55 kg/year
Tonn
es o
f oil/
hect
are +15%
+27% +35% +42%
+60%
Genetic Progress transferred to Cirad Commercial Seed Production
1. Selection for Yield and Vertical Growth
Journées Chevreul 8 avril 2009
Genetic Program on Oil Palm (E. guineensis)Pl
mEl
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Teneur en huile %
Impact of planting material quality in estates
1. Selection for Yield and Vertical Growth
Socfindo Estate (32 250 ha).Annual Renewal of 1/30 th of the plantations
25,06
18,64 18,52
20,39 21,8522,47 23,72 24,14
0
1 000
2 000
3 000
4 000
5 000
6 000
7 000
1971 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 2001 2006Years
KG
of o
il pe
r ha
aa
Journées Chevreul 8 avril 2009
Genetic Program on Oil Palm (E. guineensis)Pl
mEl
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2. Selection for disease resistanceDevelopment and Integration of Selection Tools
Early Screening Tests (prenursery)• Developed (Vascular wilt) • Under development (Ganoderma)
MAS • QTL search under way (Vascular wilt in prenursery; Bud rot in
the field)• Planned : Ganoderma
Role in the Selection SchemeScreening of selected material for their GCA by RRS
• Routine (Vascular wilt) • Starting up : Ganoderma
Introgression by Back-cross• Under way : Vascular wilt and Bud Rot.
Current Breeding Scheme
Journées Chevreul 8 avril 2009
Genetic Program on Oil Palm (E. guineensis)Pl
mEl
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Example : Vascular wilt resistance
Substantial differences in performance exist in the field depending on planting material origin
Progeny A Progeny B
Journées Chevreul 8 avril 2009
Genetic Program on Oil Palm (E. guineensis)Pl
mEl
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Breeding for vascular wilt resistance
The differences can be reproduced at the prenursery stage by artificially inoculating with Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. elaeidis
An early vascular wilt resistance screening test has thus been available since the 1970s.
The test has undergone successive improvements (inoculum quality, control references) and has been standardized.
Journées Chevreul 8 avril 2009
Genetic Program on Oil Palm (E. guineensis)Pl
mEl
it
•Base 100: Test meanBase 100: Test mean100100
90908080
110110120120
SusceptibilitySusceptibility
ResistanceResistance
Vascular wilt index
Journées Chevreul 8 avril 2009
Genetic Program on Oil Palm (E. guineensis)Pl
mEl
it
0
10
20
30
40
Planting year
% v
ascu
lar w
ilt
Changes in vascular wilt Changes in vascular wilt at Dabou (4000 ha, Côte d’Ivoireat Dabou (4000 ha, Côte d’Ivoire))
Journées Chevreul 8 avril 2009
Genetic Program on Oil Palm (E. guineensis)Pl
mEl
it
in vitro culture
molecular tool
Development and integration of new tools
Journées Chevreul 8 avril 2009
Genetic Program on Oil Palm (E. guineensis)Pl
mEl
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On E. guineensis On BC (E.g x E.o) x E.g
Merit of Merit of in-vitroin-vitro culture culture for for Elaeis guineensis and Elaeis oleiferaElaeis guineensis and Elaeis oleifera
oil palm Breedingoil palm Breeding
Exploiting within-cross variability
Cumulating E. oleifera and E. guineensis genes of interest
Cloning of BC 1
Cloning exceptional ortets
Disseminatingclones > seeds
Cloning BCs (right from BC1 then BC2-3, etc…)
Evaluating Susceptibility
in a bud rot zone
Detecting markers of tolerance genes
Disseminatingclones
Journées Chevreul 8 avril 2009
Genetic Program on Oil Palm (E. guineensis)Pl
mEl
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Integration of the molecular tool
In the fields In the laboratory
StatisticsBioinformatics
R²
GACTGT600.0AACCTg1715.7AACCTg957.2AAGCAT15510.9GACTTC7411.6AgCCTC16712.6mEgCIR2518 ACACTC188AgACAT>330-513.7AATCAT>330-3 AgACAA>330-613.8AACCTT6214.2mEgCIR369814.4mEgCIR36915.6mEgCIR330116.5mEgCIR177216.8GAATAG11916.9AACCAT>330-217.9GAGTGT24518.6AGCCAC>330-219.7AGGCTC27522.4GACTTT28225.0mEgCIR42531.8mEgCIR17335.1mEgCIR91236.6mEgCIR354436.8AGGCTC8547.3
3
AAACAC>330-20.0AAACAT1856.4Sh014.7AggCAA13219.5AGCCTA9520.1AAACAT18821.3ACCCAT>330-126.4AAACAC13230.3AggCAg>330-1 AATCTA>330-132.0ACTCTA>330-132.2mEgCIR341333.2AgACTg231 ACACAg122mEgCIR3194 AATCAA>330-333.3mEgCIR371633.5AAACTA100 mEgCIR328634.6ACCCTT9237.3ACACAT>330-138.8ACACAg27339.2mEgCIR78644.8mCnCIR21345.5mEgCIR1917 AgACTg77GACTGT14545.8AGCCAT29546.9AGCCTA>330-248.9AgACAT15350.5GACTGG36052.8GACTTG15854.6ACCCAT11357.1AAACTg20258.6AACCTT16459.5TACGHCTA18560.1AACCAA>330-362.3GAATAG8972.4AggCAg15574.7ACgCTT18978.0AggCTg30978.2ACACTA14878.3AATCTg25984.9AATCAT33088.3GAATGA9189.1mEgCIR331089.4AATCAA>330-689.5AACCAC14391.0GAATCT15093.5GAATCG8994.4AACCTg20795.1AgACAA91 AgACTg7896.2AACCTg20498.3AACCAT19699.6ACACAT219109.4ACACTT179 ACCCAC246111.7mEgCIR1753117.1GAGTGT185120.6GACTGG400120.7AAACTg103121.7AAACTC171 mCnCIRC3'124.3ACACTC95125.5ACTCAA205132.3ACCCAA214136.5GAATCC108140.6AAgCAA278142.9ACACAA190149.5AATCTT158149.6AACCTT94149.7AATCTg85151.7
4_SRR
Journées Chevreul 8 avril 2009
Genetic Program on Oil Palm (E. guineensis)Pl
mEl
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Integration of the molecular tool
Legitimacy certification and traceabilityCertification of pedigrees (Trials; Seed gardens)sets of selected markers : in the application phaseCertification of the « Tenera » trait of seeds already 99,99% possible (flanking markers).
Evolution : intragenic markers
Greater selection efficiency on E. guineensis (better choice of parents for RRS evaluation) Agronomics traits : QTL identified ; MAS to be validated
Resistances Vascular wilt : QTL identified ; MAS to be validated
Better monitoring of the introgression of genes of interest from E. oleifera in E. guineensis
Oil quality – Vertical Growth – Resistance : Experimental design being set up/evaluated
Guiding AxA and BxB within-group recombinations (gene pyramiding) :
Journées Chevreul 8 avril 2009
Genetic Program on Oil Palm (E. guineensis)Pl
mEl
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Conclusion• Constantly anticipate the dissemination of genetic progresse
to growers. • A current scheme which enables:
– Global exploitation of results. – A precise estimation of the value of crosses and of the GCA of
the parents.– Substantial progress (1,2%/yr).
• A strategy making it possible to pass on total genetic progress relatively quickly to seed gardens.
• …and improvements to come from: i - introgession of E. oleifera genes of interestii – disease resistance (Ganoderma, and bud rot)iii - integration of molecular tools.iv - in vitro propagation
v – the third RRS cycle
Journées Chevreul 8 avril 2009
Genetic Program on Oil Palm (E. guineensis)Pl
mEl
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Thank you
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