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Organizational Behavior –
1
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LEARNING OBJECTIVES
•Define group and work team.
•Explain aspects of go!p "e#a$io.•Desci"e go!p fo%ation& t#e stages of a go!p's
de$elop%ent& and t#e c#aacteistics of a %at!e go!p.•Explain t#e tas( and %aintenance f!nctions in go!ps.•
Identif) t#e social "enefits of go!p and tea%%e%"es#ip.•Disc!ss di$esit) and ceati$it) in tea%s.•Disc!ss e%po*e%ent& tea%*o(& and self+%anaged
tea%s.•Explain t#e i%potance of !ppe ec#elons and top
%anage%ent tea%s.
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Groups & Teams
Group - two or more people withcommon interests, objectives, andcontinuing interaction
Work Team - a group of peoplewith complementar s!ills who arecommitted to a common mission,
performance goals, and approachfor which the hold themselvesmutuall accountable
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"h Teams#
Organizations are comple$sstems
%obs getting highl
compartmentalized Teams tend to e$ert more than
individual
Organizations getting more crosscultural
Technolog demands virtual teams
eg, 'awthrone e$periments b
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*haracteristics of a
"ell+unctioning, (-ectiveGroup
EfectiveGroups
Task well
understood
and accepted
Relaxed,
comortable,
inormal
atmosphere
People express
both eelins
and ideas
!embers
listen well
andparticipate
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*haracteristics of a
"ell+unctioning, (-ectiveGroup
EfectiveGroups
"learassinments
made andaccepted
Group awareo its operation
and unction
"on#ict anddisareementcenter around
ideas or methods
"onsensus
decision
makin
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,ee go!p
A pee go!p is a go!p *it# %e%"es of appoxi%atel) t#e sa%e age& social
stat!s& and inteests. Geneall)& people ae elati$el) e-!al in te%s of po*e
*#en t#e) inteact *it# pees.
Cli-!e An info%al& tig#t+(nit go!p& often in a ig# Sc#ool/College setting& t#at s#aes
co%%on inteests. 0ost cli-!es ex#i"it an esta"lis#ed )et s#ifting po*e
st!ct!e.
Cl!"
A cl!" is a go!p& *#ic# !s!all) e-!ies one to appl) to "eco%e a %e%"e.
S!c# cl!"s %a) "e dedicated to patic!la acti$ities1 spoting cl!"s& fo
exa%ple.
o!se#old
all indi$id!als *#o li$e in t#e sa%e #o%e. So%e c!lt!es %a) incl!de $aio!s
%odels of #o!se#old& incl!ding t#e fa%il)& "lended fa%ilies& s#ae #o!sing& and
go!p #o%es.Co%%!nit)
A co%%!nit) is a go!p of people *it# a co%%onalit) o so%eti%es a co%plex
net of o$elapping co%%onalities& often2"!t not al*a)s2in poxi%it) *it# one
anot#e *it# so%e degee of contin!it) o$e ti%e.
3anc#ise
an ogani4ation *#ic# !ns se$eal instances of a "!siness in %an) locations.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer_grouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cliquehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clubhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Householdhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franchisinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franchisinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Householdhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clubhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cliquehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer_group
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Gang
A gang is !s!all) an !"an go!p t#at gat#es in a patic!la aea. It is a go!p
of people t#at often #ang ao!nd eac# ot#e. T#e) can "e li(e so%e cl!"s& "!t
%!c# less fo%al.
0o"
A %o" is !s!all) a go!p of people t#at #as ta(en t#e la* into t#ei o*n #ands.0o"s ae !s!all) go!ps *#ic# gat#e te%poail) fo a patic!la eason.
,osse
A posse *as oiginall) fo!nd in Englis# co%%on la*. It is geneall) o"solete&
and s!$i$es onl) in A%eica& *#ee it is t#e la* enfoce%ent e-!i$alent of
s!%%oning t#e %ilitia fo %ilita) p!poses. o*e$e& it can also efe to asteet go!p.
S-!ad
T#is is !s!all) a s%all go!p& of ao!nd 5 to 6 people& *#o *o( as a tea% to
acco%plis# t#ei goals.
Tea%
si%ila to a s-!ad& t#o!g# a tea% %a) contain %an) %oe %e%"es. A tea%*o(s in a si%ila *a) to a s-!ad.
Ingo!p
A go!p to *#ic# *e do "elong
O!t go!p
A go!p to *#ic# *e do not "elong
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ochlocracyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posse_comitatus_(common_law)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingrouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Out_grouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Out_grouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingrouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posse_comitatus_(common_law)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ochlocracyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gang
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Group Behavior$orms o %ehavior - the standards that a
wor! group uses to evaluate thebehavior of its members
Group "ohesion - the .interpersonal glue/that ma!es members of a group stic!
together&ocial 'oa(n - the failure of a group
member to contribute personal time,e-ort, thoughts, or other resources to
the group'oss o )ndividualit* - a social process in
which individual group members loseself+awareness and its accompaning
sense of accountabilit, inhibition, andres onsibilit for individual behavior
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"ohesiveness )n#uences
0everit of initiation *onditions of high e$ternal threat or
competition
Time spent together
Group size
'istor of success
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"ohesiveness Efects
ncreased group membersatisfaction ncreased participation in group
activities ncreased acceptance of group
goals 2otentiall high productivit
3ecreased absenteeism andturnover
)a be counterproductive if
group4s goals are contrar toor anization4s oals
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.rive Theor* o &ocial /acilitation
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&ocial 'oa(n
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"ultural &ocial 'oa(n
0 i & i l
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0vercomin &ocial'oa(n
)a!e each performer identi5able
)a!e wor! tas!s more importantand interesting
6eward individuals for contributingto their group4s performance
7se punishment threats
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Groups vs1 Teams
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T*pes o Teams
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Three ssues 8ddressedb Groups
nterpersonal issues9)atters of trust, personal comfort, andsecurit:
Tas! issues9)ission or purpose, methods, e$pectedoutcomes:
8uthorit issues9;eadership, managing power andin
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Group ormation
/ormal Groups -
o=cial or assignedgroups gathered toperform various tas!s
7 need ethnic, gender,cultural, andinterpersonal
diversit7 need professional
and geographicaldiversit
)normal Groups- uno=cial oremergent groupsthat evolve in thewor! setting togratif a variet ofmember needs not
met b formalgroups
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0tages of Groupormation
(mphasison
interpersonal concern
andawareness
)utual
acceptance
(mphasison tas!
planning,authorit
andin
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Tuc!man4s >+0tage)odel of Group 3evelopment
;ittleagreement
7nclearpurpose
Guidance& direction
/ormin
*on
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2unctuated (?uilibrium)odelGroups do not progress linearl
8lternate between periods of inertiaand bursts of energ
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)ature Group *haracteristicsPurpose and !ission)a be assigned or ma emerge from the group
Group often ree$amines, modi5es, revises, and?uestions mission and purpose
)ission converted into speci5c agenda, cleargoals, and a set of critical success factors
%ehavioral $orms - well+understood standards ofbehavior within a group
ormal & "ritten+ Ground rules for meetings
nformal or well understood+ wee!end dress code
Group "ohesion - interpersonal attraction bindinggroup members together
(nables groups to e$ercise e-ective control over themembers
&tatus &tructure - the set of authorit & tas!
relations among a group4s members'ierarchical or e alitarianOften team leadershi is
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*ohesiveness &"or!+6elated Tension
Group "ohesiveness
3 45 67 56 63 4847
$umber o roups
“Does your
work ever
make you
jumpy ornervous?”
Low score =
high tension
T e
n s i o n a t
w o r k
'ow 9ih
9ih
'ow
! i
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Team Tas! unctionsTask /unctions - those activities directlrelated to the e-ective completion of a
team4s wor!
.ianose
problems
Evaluateefectiveness
Testideas
&ummari:eideas
"oordinateactivities
Elaborateconcepts
Giveinormation
&eek
inormation
)nitiate+ctivities
TeamTasks
T ) i i
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Team )aintenance unctions
Reducetension
9armoni:econ#ict
"onsensustestin
Testroup
decisions
Express!ember
eelins
&etstandards
"ommunicationGate keepin
/ollow
others;leads
&upportothers
!aintenance/unctions
!aintenance /unctions - those activitiesessential to the e-ective, satisfinginterpersonal relationships within a team orgroup
T !
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Teamwor!Teamwork - joint action of people in which
individual interests
are subordinated to team unitNew TeamEnvironment
Old Work
Environment
,eson geneatesinitiati$es
,eson follo*s odes
Tea% c#ats its o*nsteps
0anage c#ats co!se
Rig#t to t#in( fo oneself.
,eople oc( "oat8 *o(toget#e
,eople confo%ed to %anage9s
diection. No one oc(ed t#e"oat.
,eople coopeate !singt#o!g#ts and feelings8diect tal(
,eople coopeated ")s!ppessing t#o!g#ts andfeelings8 *anted to get along
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@ualit *ircles & Teams
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0ocial Bene5ts of TeamsPs*choloical )ntimac* - emotional &
pschological closeness to other team orgroup members)nterated )nvolvement - closeness
achieved through tas!s & activities
+n attribute o a person or oan orani:ation;s culture
Preparation 2 careul plannin
ocuses empowered emplo*ees
Encouraesparticipation
&olve speci(c andlobal problems
(mpowerment
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*haracteristics of a
"ell+unctioning, (-ectiveGroup
&el-!anaeme
nt orTeam &kills
"ompetence&kills
Process&kills
"ommunication&kills
"ooperativ
eand
9elpin
%ehaviors
T * it i f ) i th
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Ten *riteria for )easuring the)aturit of a Group
3imension mmature Group )ature Group
1 eed bac! )echanisms 2oor ($cellent
A 3ecision ma!ingmethods
3sfunctional unctional
Group loaltCcohesion ;ow 'ighD Operating procedures n 7se of memberresources
2oor ($cellent
E *ommunication 7nclear *lear
F Goals ot accepted 8ccepted
H 8uthorit relations ndependent nterdependent
I 2articipation inleadership
;ow 'igh
1J 8cceptance of minorit
views
;ow high
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0elf+)anaged Teams
&el-!anaed Teams&el-.irected Teams+utonomous Work Groups -
teams that ma!e decisions that wereonce reserved for managers
'ow does an organization capitalize
on the advantages and avoid the ris!sof self managed teams#
?
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7pper (chelonsK Teams at the Top
?pper Echelons 8 top+level e$ecutive team in anorganization
• ;eadership stle, composition, anddnamics in
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pper c e onsK eams a e TopUpper Echelons – A top+le$el exec!ti$e
tea% in an ogani4ation
•Leades#ip st)le& co%position& and d)na%icsinfl!ences t#e ogani4ation9s pefo%ance
Di$esit) at t#e Top• 0!ltic!lt!al go!ps epesent t#ee o %oe et#nic
"ac(go!nds• Di$esit) %a) incease !ncetaint)& co%plexit)& :
in#eent conf!sion in go!p pocesses
• C!lt!all) di$ese go!ps %a) geneate %oe : "ette
ideas : li%it go!pt#in(
• T#ei "ac(go!nd c#aacteistics pedictogani4ational c#aacteistics
• Ogani4ation eflects t#ei $al!es& et#ics& co%petence&
and !ni-!e c#aacteistics
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A person who values his privileges abovehis principles soon loses both
.wiht .avid Eisenhower
Try not to become a man of success butrather try to become a man of values
Albert !instein
"ersonal lea#ership is the process ofkeeping your values an# vision before youan# aligning your life to be congruent with
them &tephen "ove*
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&teps in a "ase +nal*sis
).E$T)/@-main issues in the case and the topicAs in *ourcourse the case is re#ective o
RE/ER-to the theor* and research on the topic
+PP'@-in the anal*sis and proposals i an* =or a problemcase>
E'+%0R+TE on the relation between the acts o the caseand the theor* and research on the topic
"0$&).ER-various possibilities in the anal*sis 2 proposalsthat could be arrived at throuh the application o theor*and research on the topic
/0"?&-throuhout on the main pointAs the case writerAsisAare tr*in to make
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