Monitoring of polar pollutants in surface waters using Chemcatcher-based passive sampling
methods
Anthony Gravell
Natural Resources Wales
Llanelli laboratory
About us
Natural Resources Wales brings together the work of the Countryside Council for Wales, Environment Agency Wales and Forestry Commission Wales, as well
as some functions of Welsh Government.
Our purpose is to ensure that the natural resources of Wales are sustainably maintained, enhanced and used, now and in the future
The principal adviser to the Welsh Government on the environment, enabling the sustainable development of Wales’ natural resources for the benefit of
people, the economy and wildlife
Who we are and what we do
• Overview of passive sampling
• Significance of acid herbicides
• Passive sampling
• Laboratory based studies
• Review of results
• Summary
Overview
• Compounds such as mecoprop, MCPA, tricolpyr and clopyralid widely used to control weeds in grassland
• Highly water soluble and fairly persistent leading to frequent run-off
• Regularly detected in major drinking water catchments, above PCV level (0.1µg/l for a given pesticide)
• Advanced treatment processes required for efficient removal
Acid herbicides – what’s the big deal
• To reveal tributaries responsible for significant input of acid herbicides
• To provide ‘proof of concept’ – will catchment monitoring reduce loadings of pollutants?
• Avoids ‘hit and miss’ nature of spot sampling
• Passive samplers can be deployed for extended periods (weeks) and can reveal time weighted average (TWA) concentrations of pollutants
Why use passive sampling?
• Various configurations of sampler available: Semi-Permeable Membrane Device (SPMD) Polar Organic Contaminant Integrative Sampler (POCIS) Diffusion Gradients in Thin Films (DGT)
ChemcatcherTM (patented design by University of Portsmouth)
• All designs feature a receiving phase with a high affinity for the pollutants of interest
• May include a diffusion limiting membrane to reduce bio-fouling and/or extend deployment period
• Mounted in a suitable housing • Deployed in a protective cage
Passive Sampling Devices
ChemcatcherTM Components
Chemcatcher Parts
1 2 3 4 5
1. Base Plate
2. Receiving Disk
3. Protective Membrane (PES)
4. Retaining Ring
Fully Assembled Sampler
1
4 2 & 3
• Laboratory based studies identification of suitable receiving phase for recovery of
acid herbicides
assessment of which of the 16 currently monitored compounds are amenable to passive sampling
derivation of procedure to interface passive sampling with current routine method for analysis of acid herbicides in spot samples
performance of an acid herbicide uptake study from river water to investigate uptake kinetics
Project Outline (1)
Acid herbicides – what do they look like?
Mecoprop (pKa 3.7) MCPA (pKa 3.1)
Triclopyr (pKa 4.0)
Clopyralid (pKa 2.0)
Acid Herbicides – how to extract them?
• Almost completely ionised and therefore highly water soluble at typical environmental pH values (~6.5 to 8.5):
• Cannot be extracted by conventional means without reducing
pH to around 2. • Need to make use of negatively charged carboxylate group to
effect recovery, i.e. use an anion exchange process. • Filtration experiments showed that all 16 acid herbs can be
effectively captured using a commercially available Empore anion exchange disk.
Acid Herbicides – how to extract them?
Quaternary ammonium group on anion exchange
disk
Ionised acid herbicide molecule in water
Acid herbicides are recovered from the watercourse by interaction with the positively charged surface of the
anion exchange disk:
IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII
Passive sampler uptake profile
Deployment Time
Equilibrium Phase Linear Phase
Curvi-
Linear
Phase
Mass
Taken up
onto
Passive
Sampler
Sampling Rate (Rs) derived from this gradient.
Time Weighted Average Concentration
Time weighted average concentrations (CW in ng/l) can be derived from a simple equation:
where: MS = mass of pollutant on Chemcatcher disk (ng) M0 = mass of pollutant on field blank Chemcatcher disk (ng) RS = sampling rate of pollutant (l/day) t = Chemcatcher deployment period (days)
Acid Herbicides Uptake Trial (1)
• Carried out over 16 day period in Mar 2013 in two 20 litre glass tanks containing R.Exe water spiked at 1µg/l.
• 14 Chemcatchers fitted with anion exchange disks in each tank. Mounted on a rotating carousel.
• Naked disks in one tank, disks covered with PES membrane in the other.
• Tanks refilled with freshly spiked water every 24hrs to avoid significant depletion.
• Chemcatchers removed at regular intervals, disks dried, extracted and analysed.
• Uptake profiles generated for each pesticide allowing maximum deployment periods & sampling rates to be derived
Acid Herbicides Uptake Trial (2)
Uptake Trial Test Tanks Naked Disk Tank Carousel After 24hrs
Uptake Profiles for Dichlorprop
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
0.0 100.0 200.0 300.0 400.0 500.0
Chemcatcher With PES Membrane
Mass on Disk (µg) vs. Exposure Time (hrs)
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
0.0 100.0 200.0 300.0 400.0 500.0
Chemcatcher Without PES Membrane
Mass on Disk (µg) vs. Exposure Time (hrs)
Routine Acid Herbs Method at SWW
• Routine method used for water samples based on solid phase extraction (SPE), methylation and analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS)
• 13 out of 16 compounds readily recovered from disks using 10% acetic acid in ethyl acetate
• Of these, three showed serious losses during evaporation to remove acetic acid (essential prior to methylation)
• Based on the above and bearing in mind known usage patterns and frequency of detections, nine out of 16 acid herbs selected for subsequent uptake studies
Link to NRW routine Acid Herbs method
• Routine method used at NRW for water samples based on direct aqueous injection and LCMS QQQ analysis
• Improved recoveries of Triclopyr and Clopyralid using formic instead of acetic acid
• Use of vacuum rotary evaporation instead of nitrogen blowdown apparatus - reduces losses of certain compounds
• Matrix effects such as ion suppression observed for several compounds but this can be easily compensated for using labelled surrogate standards
Uptake Trial - Conclusions
• Chemcatcher deployment without PES membrane not feasible – equilibrium reached too rapidly & problems with disk integrity
• Samplers give linear uptake for all nine acid herbicides over periods of around 10-14 days
• Measured sampling rates in the approximate range 50 to 100ml/day which is in good agreement with published values for sampling of corresponding pollutants with POCIS type passive samplers
Chemcatcher deployment trials
• Field based studies:
Deployment of passive samplers at selected locations in test catchment with known history of acid herb pollution at time of peak pollution risk
River Tywi chosen by NRW due to historical issues with acid herbicides
DCWW and NRW partnership to monitor River Teifi in West Wales due to exceedance of PCV of 0.1ug/l for MCPA at water abstraction site / treatment works
The Teifi and North Ceredigion
Management Catchment
Teifi
Chemcatcher field trial location - Teifi
Teifi at Cenarth Falls
Teifi at Llechryd WTW
Highly variable river levels can rise up to 15 feet above normal levels in winter. The platform was not even accessible in mid-January
Results of trial
TWA (ng/L)
Site name Dicamba Benazolin Bromoxynil 2,4-D MCPA Trichlorpyr Mecoprop
Llechryd WTW <2.71 <0.07 0.28 1.57 11.62 0.98 0.46
Glanteifi <2.71 <0.07 0.37 2.09 20.54 0.61 0.72
Cenarth <2.71 <0.07 0.31 1.68 13.35 0.87 0.52
Henllan <2.71 <0.07 0.23 2.00 15.96 0.70 0.58
Llanfair <2.71 <0.07 0.55 2.07 13.03 0.48 0.47
Llanbedr STW <2.71 <0.07 <0.07 1.76 1.81 0.31 0.09
Tregaron <2.71 <0.07 <0.07 0.08 0.37 0.16 0.07
Port Einon <2.71 <0.07 <0.07 6.96 2.42 0.47 0.11
Llechryd WTW 34.24 35.10 0.12 64.73 425.25 0.32 101.55
Glanteifi 43.72 45.04 0.16 85.36 512.95 0.56 119.19
Cenarth 53.68 58.14 0.15 101.67 693.51 0.41 147.58
Henllan <2.71 <0.07 0.27 0.29 2.56 0.36 0.11
Llanfair <2.71 <0.07 0.32 0.28 1.84 0.41 0.11
Llanbedr STW <2.71 <0.07 <0.07 0.24 0.76 0.38 0.08
Tregaron <2.71 <0.07 <0.07 0.08 0.17 <0.09 0.07
Port Einon <2.71 <0.07 <0.07 0.62 9.66 0.10 0.07
Summary
• A Chemcatcher based passive sampling method, using an anion exchange receiving phase has been developed for the monitoring of nine acidic herbicides in surface waters
• Quantitative data can be obtained over deployment periods of at least two weeks
• Field trials have shown the technique to be capable of detecting spikes of pollution missed by spot sampling
• Concentrations of pollutants below the LOD of the routine acid herbicide spot sampling method can be detected by passive sampling
• Ian Townsend from South West Water
• Phillippa Pearson, Tara Froggatt, Julia Haslett & Sarah Jones from Dwr Cymru Welsh Water
• Graham Mills & Richard Greenwood – University of Portsmouth
• Melanie Schumacher from NRW Llanelli lab
Acknowledgements
Thank you for listening
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