GASTBOTHTLAX gQTEDABI K .SP.
191
GASTBQTHYLAX FOTEMRI n.sp.
( Pigs* 32 - 36, Phm. 19, Tab. 12 )
Host *. Capra indicus
Location . . Rumen
locality . . Srinagar
DESCRIPTION
The body is long (6,51 -15*35 mm) with a lot
of variation in breadth from anterior to posterior
end (Fig. 32) „ The breadth goes on increasing anter-
oposteriorly and reaches its maximum near the anterior
region of testes, being 0.29 to 0o92 mm. In the region
of caecal bifurcation the breadth varies from 1 .48 to
2*66 mm. In the testicular region the breadth
decreases posteriorly characteristically so that a
faint notch is formed in the pre-acetabular region
demarcating the acetabulum from the rest of the body.
192
The acetabular region is -usually wider than the
pre-acetabular region or may be equal to it* The
body is slightly convex dorsally.
Ventral pouch is large (4.07 - 11 .65 x 2.96 -
4 . 0 7 mm) and is roughly triangular or trapezoid in
outline in whole mounts extending from the anterior
end of oesophagus upto the anterior border of
acetabulum. Its opening is wide (measuring 0o64 - 0,78 x
0o22 - 0,43 mm), located midventrally, Just posterior
to pharynx (Pig, 36). The excretory vesicle is
transversely elongnated situated dorsal to acetabulum
the,and opens to?exterior by excretory pore situated on
dorsal side.
The tegument covers the whole body and is
smooth without any spines, paillae or outgrowths
(Fig. 33). The distal cytoplasm measures 0.02 mm in
thickness and basanent membrane measures 2 to 3 microns
in thickness.
Acetabulum is large (measuring 1 .59 - 3.25 x
2.14 - 3»81 ) and cup shaped, located usually terminally
or some times it may be sli^rfcly subterminal at the
posterior end towards the ventral side. It is very
wide covering the entire posterior body width (F ig .34).
193
°fThe ratio between the transverse diameter7acetabulum
and the length of body (=Acetabular index) is 1 : 2.1 -
4 .7 (Table 1 2)« The ratio between the breadth of
pharynx and breadth of acetabulum varies from 1 : 4 ,2 -
7*3o The acetabulum is of G-astrothylax type (described
already) and is completely sunken within the body
except for its lips which are slightly raised,, The
number of circular muscles on dorsal and ventral sides
are as under;
Dorsal exterior circular muscles
Dorsal interior circular muscles
Ventral exterior circular muscles
Ventral interior circular muscles
Alimentary canal consists of mouth, pharynx,
oesophagus and intestine. Mouth is small, situated
anterotemiinally. Pharynx is longer than broad measuring
0.4 to 0 e 7 mm in length and 0 .3 to 0.55 mm in breadth.
The ratio between the length of pharynx and length of
body is 1 : 14.4 - 21 .9 . The pharynx is ? aramnhistomum
type (described already) (Fig. 35). Oesophagus is
straight and moderately long, measuring 0.29 to 0.92 mm
in length and 0 .1 4 to 0. 25 mm in breadth. The ratio
between the length of oesophagus and length of intestinal
= 61 — 63
= 62 - 64
I0UDII 63
= 64 - 67
194
caeca is 1 : 9-1 5 o1 oral diverticula are absento
The oesophagus divides into two intestinal caeca at
about 0 , 7 4 - 1 , 5 9 mm from anterior end„ The two caeca
run along the sides of body and are slightly wavy,
measuring 4.40 - 9 . 2 5 mm in length and 0 . 2 2 to 0 08 1 mm
in breadth* The caeca extend upto the middle level of
testes. The ratio between the length of intestinal
caeca and length of body is 1 : 1 . 1 - 1 *8 .
The male reproductive system consists of testes,
vasa de^erentia, seminal vesicle, pars musculoss, pars
prostatica, hermaphroditic canal and gonopore. Testes
are two in number lying almost at the same level and
are present anterior to acetabulum. The testes are
lobed, the number of lobes varying from 6 - 1 0 , The
right testis measures 0 , 3 7 to 1*85 mm in length and
0 , 2 2 to 1 * 6 6 mm in breadth, the left testis measures
0*33 to .2 * 3 6 mm in length and 0,25 to 1 ,96 mm in breadth.
From each testis arises a vas deferens. The two vasa-
deferentia run anteriorly for a short distance and
at about the middle of the body the right vas deferens
moves towards the left side, crosses the uterus and
unites with the left vas deferens forming a common
sperm duct which is a coiled tube that dilates to fonn
.195
a seminal vesicle. It is followed by a muscular pars
musculosa and by pars prostatics covered by prostate
glandso It unites with the metraterm of the female
set to fom a short hermaphorditic canal that opens
into the common genital pore, situated anteriorly in
the ventral pouch just at the mid-level of oesophagus,
The cirrus pouch is absent.
The female reproductive organs consist of an
ovary, oviduct, cotype, uterus and metraterm. Ovary is
single situated in the posterior region of inter-
testicular part usually towards the left side and is
rounded in outline, measuring O.O3 to 0,33 mm in length
and 0 . 1 1 to 0 . 3 7 mm in breadth. From the ovary arises
an oviduct which is a coiled tube and after receiving
Laurer* s canal and common vitelline duct it dilates
on the right side of the ovary to fonn an ootype,
measuring 0.1 1 - 0.29 mm in length and O.O7 - 0,25 mm
in breadth. It is surrounded by a number of unicellular
glands forming Mehlis ,gLand complex (0 ,19 - 0,24 x
0.19 - 0 ,26 mm). The Laurer’ s canal opens externally
on the dorsal side anterior to excretory pore. From the
ootype arises the uterus which is slightly coiled and
crosses over the vas deferens near the middle of body
196
and extends forwards as metratemu The genital strium
is of Microbothrium type and does not foam any genital
sucker# The vitellaria are numerous extending from
the oesophageal "bifurcation upto the middle of body
and each follicle measures 0 . 0 5 - 0 o2l mm in length,,
197
Gaytrothylax f ot edari n.sp.
(Measurements in mm)
TABLE 1 2
S.No. A B C D B
1. Length of "body 6.51 7.95 10.91 11. 28 15.35
2. Breadth at anterior end 0.44 0.55 0.74 0.29 0.92
3. Distance from anterior end to the bifurcation of oesophagus. 0o74 1 .25 1.14 1.25 1.59
4. Breadth at the level of oesophageal bifurcation. 1 o48 2.66 2.22 1 .65 2.40
5. length of ventral pouch 4.07 7.17 8.14 8,1 2 11.6?
6. Breadth of ventral pouch 2o96 3.84 3.84 3.77 4.07
7. Length of acetabulum 1,59 2 . 0 3 2.59 1 .77 3.25
8. Breadth of acetabulum 2.14 3.73 3.03 2.36 3.81
9. Ratio between the breadth of acetabulum and total length of body. 1:3 1:2.1 1:3o6 1:4 .7 1:4
10. Breadth of mouth 0.18 0.29 0.18 0.25 0.29
198
SoNo. A B C D E
11* Length of pharynx 0.40 O . 5 5 0.59 O . 5 5 0.70
1 2 * Breadth of pharynx 0.37 0.51 O . 5 5 O . 4 4 0 . 5 5
1 3 » Ratio "between breadthof pharynx andbreadth of acetabulum. 1:5*7 1:7*3 1 :5 .5 1:4o2 1.60
14. Ratio between length of pharynx andlength of bodyo 1 : 1 6 . 2 1 : U . 4 1 : 1 8 . 4 1 : 2 0 . 5 1 : 2 1 , 9
15. Length of oesophagus 0o29 0 o85 0.51 0.74 0.92
16. Breadth of oesophagus 0 . 25 0*14 0.18 0.18 0 . 22
1 7« Length of intestinalcaeca. 4.40 l o l l 5.92 6 . 6 6 9*25
18. Breadth of intestinalcaeca. O . 3 3 0.22 0.44 0.25 0.81
19. Ratio between the length of oesophagus and length ofintestinal caeca* 1:15*1 1:9*1 1:11*6 1:9 1 s 1 0
20o Ratio between thelength of intestinal caeca and length of body.
1:1*4 1:1 1:1*8 1.1*6 1:1*6
21* Length of rigfrt testis 0.37 0*66 1*85 1*85 1*85
22* Breadth of right testis 0.22 0.77 1 *62 1*36 1 * 6 6
199
*•
O03
Jaq A B C D E
23o length of left testis. 0.33 0.59 1.77 1 .88 2.36
24. Breadth of left testis. 0.25 0.55 1 .14 1.18 1 .96
25. length of ovary 0.03 0.11 0.33 0.33 0.25
26. Breadth of ovary 0.11 0.11 0.25 0.37 0.33
27. Batio "between the transverse breadth of ovary and total transverse breadth of two testes. 1: 4 .2 1:1 2 1.11 1 . 6.8 1:1
28. length of vitelline follicle. 0 . 0 3 0.03 0.03 0.14 0.07
29o Breadth of vitelline follicle. 0 . 0 3 0.03 0.03 0.14 0.07
2 0 0
DISCUSSION
The specimens described, here possess a well
developed ventral pouch wl;ich is a diagnostic feature
of the family Gfastrothylacidae to vihich the present
specimens have been assigned. These specimens have
genital pore opening into the ventral pouch which is
characteristic of the subfamily Gastrothylacinae,
according the present specimens are assigned to the
said subfamily. The only other subfamily under the
family Gfastrothylacidae is Johnsonitrematinae, wherein
the genital pore does not open into the ventral pouch.
The subfamily Gastrothylacinae, according to Yamaguti
(19 71 ) includes three genera viz. Gastroth.vlax.
Carmyerius and Pischoederius. These three genera
are differentiated from each other on the basis of the*
2 0 1
topography of uterus and the testes. The genus
G-astrothylax is differentiated from the other two
said genera by the presence of uterus which crosses
from one side of the body to the other near the
middle whereas, in Fischaederius and Carmyerius the
uterus is in the dorsal median field throughout its
body. In the present specimens the uterus crosses in
the middle foam one side of the body to the other.
Besides this important feature the present specimans
agree completely with the generic diagnosis of
Gast:ro thylax as given by Yamaguti (1971). Bambroo
( 1 9 7 0 ) while giving the diagnostic features of the
genus Gastro thylax mentions cira^is pouch to be present,
which seems to be a clear cut error because the genus
according to Yamaguti (1958, 1971) possesses the
following features -
’’Body slightly constari.cted near
post extremity ventral pouch
present, Acetabulum somewhat <*
sunken, cirrus pouch absent."
After the inception of the genus Gastro thylax .
Poi:rier, 1883, a large number of species were described
by various authors und®r the said genus. Innes ( 1 9 1 2)
while giving notes on the said genus recognizes
following eleven species of Gastrothylax: -
1. Go crumenifer Oret>lin. 1847
20 a- compressus Branches. 1898
3. G;° gregarius Loos s. 189 6
4o wenyoni Leiuer. 1908
5. Go synethes Fischoeder. 1901
6„ Go mancupatus Fischoeder. 19 01
7. Go cobboldi Poirier, 1882
8. G. elongatus Poirier. 1882
9. Go minutus Fischoeder, 19 01
10. spatiosus Brandes, 1898
11. G*_ bubalis Innes, 19‘12.
Yamaguti (1939) described one more species,
namely, Gastrothylax glandifermis and Bambroo (1970)
has also described Gastrothylax orientalis. Recently,
Wang (1979) has describedone more species viz.
Gastrothylax zhonghuaensis.
Of these fourteen species a few species have
been wrongly assigned to the genus G-astrothylax. Six
species from the above list, namely, G. gregarius.
29 3
G* wgnyoni, G. s.ynethes. G. mancupatus. G* miimtus.
stnd G. spatiosus have been transferred to the genus
Carmyarius by Stiles and Goldberger (1910), Sprehn
(1 932), Mapl£stone (1923), Yamaguti (1 971 ), because
th£ uterus in these species is in the dorsal median
field throughout its length and tests are symmetrical
one on each side of the median line. Two more species,
namely, G. cobboldi^ H . elongatus. due to their having
tandem testes in the median line and uterus being in
dorsal median field throughout its length have been
transferred to the genus Fischoederius by Stiles and
Goldberger, 191 0* Of the remaining six species
Gastrothylax cempressus Brandes, 1898 has been
synonymised with Gastrothylax crumenifer by Swellengrebel
and Ihle (1922) Maplestone (19 23) and Sprehn (1932).
Yamaguti 0971 ) has also treated Gastrothylax
compressus as a synonym of Gastrothylax crumenifer.
The main features on which the species of«
Gastrothylax have been differentiated by Yamaguti
(1939, 1958 & 1971), Gupta and Dutta (1967) and
Bambroo (1970) are, shape and size of the body; length
and form of intestinal caeca ; acetabular index;
204
shape, size and location of testes; muscle units of
acetabulum etc*
Yamaguti (1939) differentiates Gastrothylax
glaadifermis. his new species due to its different
shape and size of the body being "acorn shaped
occasionally prismatic, the more pronounced
tortuousness and more dorsal position of the caeca
and the size of the eggs". Besides these features
Gastrothylax glandiformis has been reported to
possess conical papillae around mouth and opening of
ventral pouch by Yamaguti (1939). Muscle units of
acetabulum in this species have neither been reported
by Yamaguti (1939) nor have they been described by
Bambroo (197Q), who has also reported Gastrothylax
glandiformis from sheep. Originally this species has
been reported from Bubalus buballs in Foimosa by
Yamaguti (1 939). The acetabulum is also comparatively
smaller than the body diameter in Gastrothylax
glandiformiso
Yamaguti (1971) has retained only two species as
valid namely, Gastrothylax crumenifer and Gastrothylax
glandiformis. Bambroo (1970) differentiates
295
Gastrothylax orientalis on the basis of body size
"straight or slightly wavy caeca which are never
coiled” and number of dorsal exterior circular muscles
being 4 0 - 45; dorsal interior circular muscles 20-25,
ventral exterior circular muscles 2 5 - 3 0 and ventral
exterior circular muscles 15 - 50. Yamaguti (1971)
and Wang (1979) have not mentioned G* orientalis at all*
In the present study it has been noted that various
ratios (mentioned already) are important in
differentiating the different species of Gastrothylax*
in addition to the length and shape of caeca and
other characters. Taking these characters into
consideration it has been noted that Gastrothylax
orientalis resembles Gastrothylax crumenifer in most
of the important features* The acetabular index,
the ratio between length of intestinal caeca and
length of body, position and shape of testes are
similar in the two fonns* According to Bambroo (1970)
intestinal caeca in Gastrothylax orientalis are
"straight or sli^itly,wavyM whereas according to her
in Gastrothylax crumenifer the intestinal caeca are
"perfectly coiled"* This is not, however, true with
respect to Gastrothylax crumenifer* Yamaguti (19J58,
1971) and Gupta and Dutta (1967) have shown that in
206
Gastrothylax crumenifer the intestinal caeca are
slightly wavy* This has been confirmed in the present
study also on G-astrothylax crumenifer. Bambroo (1970)
further differentiates G-astrothylax orientalis by
saying that, " in G-astrothylax crumenifer. the testes
are deeply lobed’* but in G. orientalis "they are
slightly so” . Whether testes are deeply lobed or
slightly lobed, it does not make much difference
taxonomically. The testes in Gastrothylax have either
been described as entire (Gastrothylax zhonghuaensis)
or lobed ( Gastrothylax crumenifer. Gastrothylax
glandiformis). lastly the number of muscle units in
the acetabulum according to Bambroo (19 70) is less
in comparison to Gastrothylax crumenifer (According
to Nasmark, 1937 the muscle units in G. crumenifer
are D .E .C .= 119; D .I .C . ±=84, V .E .C . = 1 24; V .I .C . = 97).
On the contrary Gupta and Dutta 0 9 67) have reported
number of muscle units in Gastrothylax crumenifer as
follows: D.E.C. = 46 - 50; D .I .C . = 42 - 44; V .E.C . =
4 4 - 46, V .I .C . = 41 - 43, which is similar to the
number observed by the present author (D .E .C . =34 - 36,
D .I.C . = 21 - 25, V .E .C . = 35 - 38, V .I .C . = 34 - 37)
in Gastrothylax crumenifer. Thus in this feature also
207
Gastrothylax orientalls resembles Gastrothylax
crumenifer. Besides, the two species resemble in
the ratio between the diameter of acetabulum and body
width. The present author has, therefore, treated
Gastrothylax orientalis as a synonym of Gastrothylax
crumenifer.
Gastrothylax crumenifer has been described by
Creplin (1847), Otto (1896), Fischoeder (1903),
Uasmark (1937), Davdova (1939), Gupta and Dutta (19 67)
and is being reported from Kashmir in the present
investigation also* The present specimens of
G. crumenifer resemble the known description- for
the said species in body shape, location of testes
and in measurements (Table 9 ).
Both G. fotedari n.sp. and G, ottoseyi n. sp®
differ from G. zhonghuaersis in having lobed testes
whereas, in G. zhonghuensis the testes are entire.
&• fot edari differs from G. crumenifer in the shape
and size of ventral sucker. In G. fotedari the
acetabulum is comparatively very large, the ratio
between breadth of ventral sucker and maximum body
width is 1 : 1 . 5 whereas in G. crumenifer the said
20 8
ratio is 1s 2-2,9, The acetabular index of G, fotedari
is also different form other species, S. ottoseyi
n,sp. shows some relationship with G, crumenifer and
S.* fotedari. particularly in having lobed testes. But
one of the most striking features of G, ottoseyi is
that the intestinal caeca are very short fe£ing 1 / 3 rd
of body length or even less and are straight and club
shaped. Besides this the testes in this species are
tandem or slightly oblique whereas, in all other
species of Gastrothylax the testes are parallel
(located side by side). Gastrothylax ottoeeyi also
differs from other species in various size ratios
including acetabular index.
Thus a total of five species of Gasthrothylax
are recognized by the present author which includes
three known species (G. crumenifer ; G. glandifomis
and G. zhonghuensis) and two new species (G. fotedari
and G. ottoseyi) .
KEY TO THE SPECIES OP GASTROTHYLAX
1, a) Intestinal caeca very short, 1 /3rd of the
body length or less ......... . . . G . ottoseyi n,sp.
20 9
b) Intestinal caeca long, always more than
1 / 2 of the body length ------- 2
\ it -2, a) Testes entire . . . . . . . . . . . G. zhonghu^ensis
Wang, 1979.
b) Testes slightly lobed or deeply lobed_____
3* a) Intestinal caeca spirally coiled, body
acorn shaped or prismatic, mouth and ventral
pouch opening surrounded by papillae « . . .
....................... . . G. glandiformis Yamaguti, 1939•
b) Intestinal caeca sinuous or straight body
conical, mouth and ventral pouch openings
without papillae ----------- 4
4. a) Acetabulum large. Ratio between diameter
of acetabulum and maximum body width
1:1.1 to 1 . 5 . ..................... G. fotedari n. s p .
b) Acetabulum comparatively smaller, ratio
between diameter of acetabulum and maximum
body width 1 : 2 - 3 ..............G. crumenifer Creplin,1 847.
2 1 0
QAEMYERIUS Stiles and Goldberger,l9l 0
Supercfamily Paramphistomoidea ( Stiles & Goldberger,
1910) Yamaguti,l97l .
Family Paramphistomidae Fischoeder, 1901
Subcfamily Gaistrothylacinae Stiles & Goldberger,1910,
Genus Carmyerius Stiles and Goldberger, 1910.
Diagnosis:
"Body more or less conical or subelliptical,
straight or curved, circular in cross section.
Ventral pouch extending to near acetabulum,
triangular, occasionally circular, in cross
section, -with apex directed dorsal or ventral.
' Acetabulum teiminal, Oral sucker without
diverticles; oeso’phagas without bulb; caeca
in lateral field, long or short, sinuous or
not, testes lobed, symmetrical, preacetabular.
Vas deferens, seminal vesicle, pars musculosa,
2 1 1
pars prostatica and ejaculatory duct in median
dorsal field* Genital papilla may be prominant.
No genital sucker. Ovary intertesticular*
Uterus confined to dorsal field throughout its
length. Vitellaria extending in lateral fields.11
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