New Biomass Stoves and New Biomass Stoves and Carbon Credits Carbon Credits
Dean StillDean StillExecutive Director, Aprovecho Research CenterExecutive Director, Aprovecho Research Center
Overview of today’s talkOverview of today’s talk
Background history on stoves developmentBackground history on stoves development Understanding modern stovesUnderstanding modern stoves New market approaches :top down versus New market approaches :top down versus
bottom upbottom up International standardsInternational standards Carbon creditsCarbon credits
Aprovecho: Testing StovesAprovecho: Testing Stoves
In-Field TestingLaboratory Testing
Cooking StovesCooking Stoves
Aprovecho has a library of tests from over 50 stoves in use around the
world.
Health impact of solid fuelsHealth impact of solid fuels
Indoor Air Pollution1.6 million premature deaths per year according to WHOAsthma, Colds, Eye Irritation, COPD, Pneumonia, ALPD, …
WWorldwide use of solid fuelsorldwide use of solid fuels
Global Warming :CO2, CH4, CO and black carbon Global Warming :CO2, CH4, CO and black carbon emissionsemissions
from inefficient biomass stoves is accelerating from inefficient biomass stoves is accelerating warmingwarming(Brown cloud over Asia) (Brown cloud over Asia)
Excessive Fuel Use: Deforestation,Excessive Fuel Use: Deforestation,Desertification and Drudgery/DangerDesertification and Drudgery/Danger
CookStoves: A Troubled HistoryCookStoves: A Troubled History
Bad “Improved” Stoves have been madeBad “Improved” Stoves have been made A broad misunderstanding of traditional methods and A broad misunderstanding of traditional methods and
cultures, as well as heat transfer and combustion, led cultures, as well as heat transfer and combustion, led to the faulty assumption that any stove is better than to the faulty assumption that any stove is better than nonenone
Many designers still do not understand insulation vs. Many designers still do not understand insulation vs. massmass
Manufacturing high-quality stoves in-country on a Manufacturing high-quality stoves in-country on a small scale has been a challengesmall scale has been a challenge
Testing was not widely done to optimize and/or Testing was not widely done to optimize and/or validate performancevalidate performance
Stable financing was not generally availableStable financing was not generally available
Modern Stoves: A Four-Legged ApproachModern Stoves: A Four-Legged Approach
MarketingMarketing
Research & Research & DevelopmentDevelopment
FinanceFinance
How close are we?
ManufacturingManufacturing
Defining “Improved” Defining “Improved” CookStovesCookStoves
Good Stoves Good Stoves CanCan Turn Wood Into Clean Energy Turn Wood Into Clean Energy Stoves need to be as carefully designed as Toyotas. Stoves need to be as carefully designed as Toyotas. Moving forward: Moving forward:
Testing Needs to be standardizedTesting Needs to be standardized In 2003, Shell Foundation/UCBerkeley/Aprovecho revised 3 test protocols In 2003, Shell Foundation/UCBerkeley/Aprovecho revised 3 test protocols
to quantify and compare performance in lab, field, and homes.to quantify and compare performance in lab, field, and homes. Gold Standard has been developed for fuel savings/carbon credits.Gold Standard has been developed for fuel savings/carbon credits.
R&D is required to quantify and improve combustion and heat transfer R&D is required to quantify and improve combustion and heat transfer efficiencyefficiency
Aprovecho provided first extensive laboratory fuel use and emissions Aprovecho provided first extensive laboratory fuel use and emissions testing, many other large organizations have also begun testingtesting, many other large organizations have also begun testing
Emissions testing kits are now available from AprovechoEmissions testing kits are now available from Aprovecho Without comparisons we don’t know what we are aiming to achieveWithout comparisons we don’t know what we are aiming to achieve
International Standards are needed to provide minimum requirements International Standards are needed to provide minimum requirements of stove performance.of stove performance.
Research & Development
Testing CookStovesTesting CookStoves
Aprovecho has designed easy-to-use emissions equipment, Aprovecho has designed easy-to-use emissions equipment, available to help projects with stove testing:available to help projects with stove testing:
Research & Development
Portable Emissions
Measurement System (PEMS)
Indoor Air Pollution/Exposure Meter
Benchmarks for Stove PerformanceBenchmarks for Stove PerformanceEnergy Use vs. Benchmark
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Thr
ee S
tone
Fire
Gha
na W
ood
Mud
/Saw
dust
Bal
dwin
VIT
A
Cas
t Iron
Sto
ve fro
m Ind
ia
Mod
ified
VIT
A S
tove
Mod
ified
VIT
A w
/ In
sula
tion
Ski
rt S
tove
20-L
Can
Ski
rted
Roc
ket
Tal
l Hea
vy S
kirted
Roc
ket
Pre
viou
s Im
prov
ed
Hea
vy S
kirted
Roc
ket
Pre
viou
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prov
ed
Insu
late
d B
rick
Roc
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Sho
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ight
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t
Ext
ra S
mal
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/ S
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roc
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ith
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oor w
/out
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rt
1-D
oor w
/Ski
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2-D
oor w
/out
ski
rt
2-D
oor w
/Ski
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ing
gasi
fier
Erx
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enta
l Gas
ifier
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e G
asifi
er
Grid
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ered
Fan
Bat
tery
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ered
Fan
Bot
tom
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Sto
ve
Woo
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as
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ith F
an
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Cha
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o
Cha
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ve w
ith S
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l Roc
ket
Pro
pane
Alc
ohol
Ker
osen
eEner
gy
to C
om
ple
te W
BT (M
J)
.
Simple Stoves Rocket Stoves Gasifiers Fan Stoves Charcoal Liquid/Gas
CO Emission vs. Benchmark
020
406080
100120
140160
Thr
ee S
tone
Fire
Gha
na W
ood
Mud
/Saw
dust
Bal
dwin
VIT
A
Cas
t Iron
Sto
ve fro
m Ind
ia
Mod
ified
VIT
A S
tove
Mod
ified
VIT
A w
/ In
sula
tion
Ski
rt S
tove
20-L
Can
Ski
rted
Roc
ket
Tal
l Hea
vy S
kirted
Roc
ket
Pre
viou
s Im
prov
ed
Hea
vy S
kirted
Roc
ket
Pre
viou
s Im
prov
ed
Insu
late
d B
rick
Roc
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Sho
rt L
ight
Roc
ket
Tw
o-P
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t
Ext
ra S
mal
l Doo
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/ S
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t Iron
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,
1-D
oor w
/out
ski
rt
1-D
oor w
/Ski
rt
2-D
oor w
/out
ski
rt
2-D
oor w
/Ski
rt
Cha
rcoa
l-Mak
ing
gasi
fier
Erx
perim
enta
l Gas
ifier
Larg
e G
asifi
er
Grid
-Pow
ered
Fan
Bat
tery
Pow
ered
Fan
Bot
tom
Air
Fan
Sto
ve
Woo
d G
as
Roc
ket w
ith F
an
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i Cha
r
Cha
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l Jik
o
Cha
rcoa
l Sto
ve w
ith S
kirt
Cha
rcoa
l Roc
ket
Pro
pane
Alc
ohol
Ker
osen
e
CO
Em
issi
on to
Com
ple
te W
BT (g
)
.
Simple Stoves Rocket Stoves Gasifiers Fan Stoves Charcoal Liquid/Gas
PM Emissions vs. Benchmark
0500
100015002000250030003500400045005000
Thr
ee S
tone
Fire
Gha
na W
ood
Mud
/Saw
dust
Bal
dwin
VIT
A
Cas
t Iron
Sto
ve fro
m Ind
iaM
odifi
ed V
ITA
Sto
ve
Mod
ified
VIT
A w
/ In
sula
tion
Ski
rt S
tove
20-L
Can
Ski
rted
Roc
ket
Tal
l Hea
vy S
kirted
Roc
ket
Pre
viou
s Im
prov
ed
Hea
vy S
kirted
Roc
ket
Pre
viou
s Im
prov
ed
Insu
late
d B
rick
Roc
ket
Sho
rt L
ight
Roc
ket
Tw
o-P
ot R
ocke
t
Ext
ra S
mal
l Doo
r w
/ S
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Bal
dosa
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ket, la
rge
body
, w
ith
1-D
oor w
/out
ski
rt
1-D
oor w
/Ski
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2-D
oor w
/out
ski
rt
2-D
oor w
/Ski
rt
Cha
rcoa
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ing
gasi
fier
Erx
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enta
l Gas
ifier
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e G
asifi
er
Grid
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ered
Fan
Bat
tery
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ered
Fan
Bot
tom
Air
Fan
Sto
ve
Woo
d G
as
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ket w
ith F
an
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i Cha
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Cha
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l Jik
oC
harc
oal S
tove
with
Ski
rt
Cha
rcoa
l Roc
ket
Pro
pane
Alc
ohol
Ker
osen
e
PM
Em
issi
on T
o C
om
ple
te W
BT (m
g)
.
NOTE: Only 1 PM measurement for 9 stoves
Simple Stoves Rocket Stoves Gasifiers Fan Stoves Charcoal Liquid/Gas
Fuel Use for Stoves with Chimney vs. Benchmark
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
Sunken Pot withSteam Jets
Sunken Two-PotInsulativeRocket
Insulative TwoPot with Holes
One Pot Rocketwith Hole
PatsariPrototype
Two-pot Rocketwith Holes
Justa Griddle Stovewith Oven
Large GriddleStove
Fuel
to C
ompl
ete
WB
T (g
)
.
Sunken Pots Griddle with Holes for Pots Griddle Only
The Aprovecho Library of performance of over 50 stoves was used to create benchmarks for Shell Foundation, Philips, and others.
International Standards are in the works…
Research & Development
Benchmarks for Stove PerformanceBenchmarks for Stove Performance
Energy Use vs. Benchmark
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Thr
ee S
tone
Fire
Gha
na W
ood
Mud
/Saw
dust
Bal
dwin
VIT
A
Cas
t Iron
Sto
ve fro
m Ind
ia
Mod
ified
VIT
A S
tove
Mod
ified
VIT
A w
/ In
sula
tion
Ski
rt S
tove
20-L
Can
Ski
rted
Roc
ket
Tal
l Hea
vy S
kirted
Roc
ket
Pre
viou
s Im
prov
ed
Hea
vy S
kirted
Roc
ket
Pre
viou
s Im
prov
ed
Insu
late
d B
rick
Roc
ket
Sho
rt L
ight
Roc
ket
Tw
o-P
ot R
ocke
t
Ext
ra S
mal
l Doo
r w
/ S
kirt
Cas
t Iron
Roc
ket
Bal
dosa
roc
ket, la
rge
body
, w
ith
1-D
oor w
/out
ski
rt
1-D
oor w
/Ski
rt
2-D
oor w
/out
ski
rt
2-D
oor w
/Ski
rt
Cha
rcoa
l-Mak
ing
gasi
fier
Erx
perim
enta
l Gas
ifier
Larg
e G
asifi
er
Grid
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ered
Fan
Bat
tery
Pow
ered
Fan
Bot
tom
Air
Fan
Sto
ve
Woo
d G
as
Roc
ket w
ith F
an
Mal
i Cha
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Cha
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l Jik
o
Cha
rcoa
l Sto
ve w
ith S
kirt
Cha
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l Roc
ket
Pro
pane
Alc
ohol
Ker
osen
eEnerg
y to C
om
ple
te W
BT (M
J)
.
Simple Stoves Rocket Stoves Gasifiers Fan Stoves Charcoal Liquid/Gas
Fuel Use Benchmark: The wood-burning stove without chimney should use less than 850 g of wood (15 MJ of energy) to complete the WBT.
Research & Development
Benchmarks for Stove PerformanceBenchmarks for Stove Performance
CO Emission vs. Benchmark
020
406080
100120
140160
Thr
ee S
tone
Fire
Gha
na W
ood
Mud
/Saw
dust
Bal
dwin
VIT
A
Cas
t Iron
Sto
ve fro
m Ind
ia
Mod
ified
VIT
A S
tove
Mod
ified
VIT
A w
/ In
sula
tion
Ski
rt S
tove
20-L
Can
Ski
rted
Roc
ket
Tal
l Hea
vy S
kirted
Roc
ket
Pre
viou
s Im
prov
ed
Hea
vy S
kirted
Roc
ket
Pre
viou
s Im
prov
ed
Insu
late
d B
rick
Roc
ket
Sho
rt L
ight
Roc
ket
Tw
o-P
ot R
ocke
t
Ext
ra S
mal
l Doo
r w
/ S
kirt
Cas
t Iron
Roc
ket
Bal
dosa
roc
ket, la
rge
body
,
1-D
oor w
/out
ski
rt
1-D
oor w
/Ski
rt
2-D
oor w
/out
ski
rt
2-D
oor w
/Ski
rt
Cha
rcoa
l-Mak
ing
gasi
fier
Erx
perim
enta
l Gas
ifier
Larg
e G
asifi
er
Grid
-Pow
ered
Fan
Bat
tery
Pow
ered
Fan
Bot
tom
Air
Fan
Sto
ve
Woo
d G
as
Roc
ket w
ith F
an
Mal
i Cha
r
Cha
rcoa
l Jik
o
Cha
rcoa
l Sto
ve w
ith S
kirt
Cha
rcoa
l Roc
ket
Pro
pane
Alc
ohol
Ker
osen
e
CO
Em
issi
on to
Com
ple
te W
BT (g
)
.
Simple Stoves Rocket Stoves Gasifiers Fan Stoves Charcoal Liquid/Gas
CO Benchmark: The wood-burning stove without chimney should emit less than 20 g of carbon monoxide to complete the WBT.
Research & Development
Benchmarks for Stove PerformanceBenchmarks for Stove Performance
PM Emissions vs. Benchmark
0500
100015002000250030003500400045005000
Thr
ee S
tone
Fire
Gha
na W
ood
Mud
/Saw
dust
Bal
dwin
VIT
A
Cas
t Iron
Sto
ve fro
m Ind
ia
Mod
ified
VIT
A S
tove
Mod
ified
VIT
A w
/ In
sula
tion
Ski
rt S
tove
20-L
Can
Ski
rted
Roc
ket
Tal
l Hea
vy S
kirted
Roc
ket
Pre
viou
s Im
prov
ed
Hea
vy S
kirted
Roc
ket
Pre
viou
s Im
prov
ed
Insu
late
d B
rick
Roc
ket
Sho
rt L
ight
Roc
ket
Tw
o-P
ot R
ocke
t
Ext
ra S
mal
l Doo
r w
/ S
kirt
Cas
t Iron
Roc
ket
Bal
dosa
roc
ket, la
rge
body
, w
ith
1-D
oor w
/out
ski
rt
1-D
oor w
/Ski
rt
2-D
oor w
/out
ski
rt
2-D
oor w
/Ski
rt
Cha
rcoa
l-Mak
ing
gasi
fier
Erx
perim
enta
l Gas
ifier
Larg
e G
asifi
er
Grid
-Pow
ered
Fan
Bat
tery
Pow
ered
Fan
Bot
tom
Air
Fan
Sto
ve
Woo
d G
as
Roc
ket w
ith F
an
Mal
i Cha
r
Cha
rcoa
l Jik
o
Cha
rcoa
l Sto
ve w
ith S
kirt
Cha
rcoa
l Roc
ket
Pro
pane
Alc
ohol
Ker
osen
e
PM
Em
issi
on T
o C
om
ple
te W
BT (m
g)
.
NOTE: Only 1 PM measurement for 9 stoves
Simple Stoves Rocket Stoves Gasifiers Fan Stoves Charcoal Liquid/Gas
PM Benchmark: The wood-burning stove without chimney should emit less than 1500 mg of PM to complete the WBT.
Research & Development
Performance StandardsPerformance Standards
Ideally, standards will:Ideally, standards will: Encourage development locally to compete with Encourage development locally to compete with
companies selling stoves globallycompanies selling stoves globally Improve all stoves by keeping big and small stove Improve all stoves by keeping big and small stove
makers on the same pagemakers on the same page Help to promote user safety considerations in stove Help to promote user safety considerations in stove
designsdesigns Increase stove durability and longer performanceIncrease stove durability and longer performance At the end, ensure stove projects are worth At the end, ensure stove projects are worth
pursuingpursuing
Research & Development
Improvements in DesignImprovements in Design
Heat Transfer can be improvedHeat Transfer can be improved Containing the fire and forcing heat against the pot Containing the fire and forcing heat against the pot
can save can save 30-50% of fuel30-50% of fuel compared to Open Fire compared to Open Fire Combustion Efficiency can be improvedCombustion Efficiency can be improved
Several methods of combustion can save Several methods of combustion can save 50-90% 50-90% of emissionsof emissions compared to Open Fire compared to Open Fire
Rocket Combustion Chamber from China ($2= ½ Rocket Combustion Chamber from China ($2= ½ emissions)emissions)
Gasification ($5 = ½ emissions) Gasification ($5 = ½ emissions) Fan Stove ($20= 1/8 emissions)Fan Stove ($20= 1/8 emissions)
Research & Development
Moving Biomass a Step Up the Moving Biomass a Step Up the “Energy Ladder” “Energy Ladder”
Stoves with small (1 Watt) electric fan can Stoves with small (1 Watt) electric fan can burn wood as cleanly as keroseneburn wood as cleanly as kerosene 40% Of Biomass Users Have Electricity in Their 40% Of Biomass Users Have Electricity in Their
HomesHomes Chimneys: The solution to Indoor Air Chimneys: The solution to Indoor Air
Pollution?Pollution? Chimneys remove smoke in the US, Europe: Why Chimneys remove smoke in the US, Europe: Why
not everywhere?not everywhere?
Research & Development
ElectricityLPG
AlcoholKerosene
Charcoal/coalWood
DungBiomass waste or plastic
Three groups of people using traditional solid fuels:
• The poorest of the poor (< US$ 1.25day)(will not move up the energy latter, need subsidy?)
• The poor (US$ 1.25-3 day) (long term transition) *Immediate commercial market
• The low middle class (> US$ 3/day)(Likely in transition ?)
The energy ladder
Social-Economical development
Marketing
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
3,500
1981 1984 1987 1990 1993 1996 1999 2002 2005
$2.00 - $2.50
$1.45 - $2.00
$1.25 - $1.45
Under $1.25
Poverty lines (millions of people) by mean per capita consumption (US$ per day)
Regional breakdown of the 2005 poverty lines (millions)
Source: Chen and Ravallion (2008)
Marketing
Market size Market size
Complimentary ApproachesComplimentary ApproachesManufacturing
LARGE INDUSTRIAL PRODUCERS
SMALL LOCAL PRODUCERS
3 billion people = Huge Market
There is room for everyone.
Manufactured Stoves for Sale Manufactured Stoves for Sale TodayToday
Manufacturing
Philips Envirofit – Shell
British PetroleumStoveTec Ecostoves
StoveTec: StoveTec: powered by powered by
“rocket stove”, “rocket stove”, made in China made in China for the global for the global
market. market. Optional fan
wood and charcoal
burning stove.
Envirofit-Shell: Envirofit-Shell: powered by rocket powered by rocket
stove, sold in India (& stove, sold in India (& Brazil and Eastern Brazil and Eastern
Africa).Africa).
Ecostove: Ecostove: powered by powered by rocket stove, rocket stove,
made and sold in made and sold in Latin America Latin America
by SMEs (Brazil, by SMEs (Brazil, Honduras, Honduras,
Nicaragua and Nicaragua and Bolivia). One Bolivia). One
model for many model for many
markets.markets.
Philips: made and Philips: made and sold in India. sold in India.
Thermoelectric Thermoelectric powered fan.powered fan.
British Petroleum British Petroleum (BP): fan stove, (BP): fan stove,
made and sold in made and sold in India. Pellet fueled.India. Pellet fueled.
Biofuels stovesBiofuels stoves
Bosch-Siemens: plant oil stove for Asia market
Dometic: ethanol stove for Africa and Brazil.
Manufacturing of Improved Cook Manufacturing of Improved Cook Stoves: Adding Opportunity Stoves: Adding Opportunity
Local Production Local Production
++ PROS: Better knowledge of market, Lower transportation costs, PROS: Better knowledge of market, Lower transportation costs, Capacity buildingCapacity building
- - CONS: Unimproved design, Lower quality materials, Lower Quality CONS: Unimproved design, Lower quality materials, Lower Quality Control and consistency, Home-made appearance, May not meet Control and consistency, Home-made appearance, May not meet BenchmarksBenchmarks
Centralized ProductionCentralized Production
++ PROS: Improved design, Higher quality materials, Higher quality PROS: Improved design, Higher quality materials, Higher quality control, Meets Benchmarks, Modern factory-made appearancecontrol, Meets Benchmarks, Modern factory-made appearance
- - CONS: Generic stove may not be a great fit, Higher transportation CONS: Generic stove may not be a great fit, Higher transportation costs, Adds distribution jobs but not manufacturingcosts, Adds distribution jobs but not manufacturing
Manufacturing
Financing Stove Programs Financing Stove Programs
Foundations Foundations GovernmentGovernment Aid AgenciesAid Agencies MicrofinanceMicrofinance Carbon Markets – The new opportunityCarbon Markets – The new opportunity
Financing
The Newest Source of Funding: The Newest Source of Funding: Carbon Credits Carbon Credits
Financing
Carbon Emissions Carbon Emissions Financing
Emission
Global Warming Potential (GWP)
– 100 year time-frame --
Potential Reduction
from Three-Stone Fire Methods
Primary Kyoto Basket
Carbon Dioxide CO2 1 ~ 30-50%
Methane CH4 25 IPCC 2007 ~ 75%
Nitrous Oxide N2O 298 IPCC 2007 N/A
Secondary Kyoto Basket
Carbon Monoxide CO 1.9 IPCC 2007 ~ 75%
Others Not Yet Counted
Unburned Hydrocarbons NMHC 12 Smith, 2002 ~ 75%
Black Carbon EC 680 Bond, 2005 0-90%
Carbon and CookstovesCarbon and Cookstoves Household stoves can save Household stoves can save
about 1-3 tons of COabout 1-3 tons of CO22 per per year based on fuel year based on fuel reductions alonereductions alone
Cleaner-burning stoves get Cleaner-burning stoves get extra credit as wellextra credit as well
~$30 per Ton CO~$30 per Ton CO2eq.2eq. per per year currently – projected year currently – projected to increase after U.S. to increase after U.S. electionselections
Credit can cover costs of Credit can cover costs of both the Stove and the both the Stove and the Distribution?Distribution?
Financing
Total Global Warming Impactgrams CO2 equivalent per liter of water boiled and simmered 30 minutes,
normalized for starting temperature and fuel moisture content
-100
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
Three StoneFire
Rocket Fan Gasifier Charcoal
Global Warming Potential (g CO2
equivalent/L)
PM -- -50*OM
PM--680*EC
1.9*CO
12*NMHC
25*Methane
CO2
Improved Rocket, Fan and Gasifier Stoves can provide substantial carbon savings.
Source: MacCarty et al., A Laboratory Comparison of the Global Warming Impact of Five Major Types of Biomass Cooking Stoves, Energy for Sustainable Development, June 2008.
Gold Standard CertificationGold Standard Certification
Based on verified kitchen survey proving Based on verified kitchen survey proving savingssavings
Statistically Significant Results (~100 Houses)Statistically Significant Results (~100 Houses) Fuel use measured, Emissions predicted Fuel use measured, Emissions predicted Also considers stove lifetimeAlso considers stove lifetime
Financing
Many Marketing Chains…Many Marketing Chains…
RetailRetail ReliefRelief MicrofinanceMicrofinance Social entrepreneurshipSocial entrepreneurship NGOsNGOs National Distribution Chains National Distribution Chains Local MarketsLocal Markets GovernmentsGovernments
Marketing
Many Networking Opportunities…Many Networking Opportunities…Marketing
Biomass Stoves TodayBiomass Stoves Today
R& D
Manufacturing
Finance
Marketing (BC)
Availability
MarketingMarketing
Research & Research & DevelopmentDevelopment
FinanceFinance
ManufacturingManufacturing
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