7 March 2001KT2001: The Semantic Network of IKM-I3 1
Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO)
The Semantic Network ofIKM-I3
Ronald Poell
Consultant Knowledge Management
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Just to put you on the road:City to City - The Road Ahead
The road ahead is empty
It’s paved with miles of the unknown
Whatever seems to be your destination
Take life the way it comes
Take life the way it is
But we can DO something...
Due to copyright restrictions the original sound track and animation are not available in this version
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A roadmap to the future of theSemantic Web
• Notion System + IKM-I3• Near future• The Road Ahead
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Roadmap - Notion System What already exists
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•Conceived 1988 - 1990
Roadmap - Notion System Some facts
•First operational version in 1991
•Various domains (> 200,000 concepts) amongst which:•People and organizations•Documents•Animals and plants•Geography•Speleology•Astronomy
•Prototype for a large scale implementation
•Website: http://www.notionsystem.com
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Ontology Knowledge
Engineers
RelationshipsConcepts (Notions)
Notion System is composed of
Is used by
uses
Roadmap - Notion System Basics
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Names:
Ontology
Roadmap - Notion System
Ontologie
English
French
Dutch
•Several names
•Each name expresses a concept in a language
or in more then one
•Currently 7163 languages
Multilingual
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Roadmap - Notion System
•Notions belong to a particular type
P
P
P
A
AAA
D
D
?
?
?
?
?
?
PersonsAnimals
Diseases
Whatever you want
•Any kind of relationship•Not domain specific
Flexible knowledge model
Together they form a
Semantic Network
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Ronald
Prof. email
TNO
Employee
Employer
FEL Node
Legend
Association
XXX Attribute
2000-05-01
Start date
2000-05-01Start date
XXX Metadata
Roadmap - Notion System Other elements
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Roadmap - Notion System
•Notions are distributed at different Knowledge Servers
•They are interconnected and form the Knowledge Server Network
Distributed data
• Secure communications
using XML / RDF
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Usage (1)Roadmap - Notion System
• Domain modelOrganization
Organization
part
Man
Person
Woman
Employee
Employer
Is part of
Is composed of
Works at
Provides work
Is a
Is a
Contains
Is part ofIs composed of
TNO Node
Legend
Association
Possible association
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Usage (2)Roadmap - Notion System
TNO
FEL
Division 2
Employee
Employer
Is part of
Is composed of
Is part of
Is composed of
Works at
Provides work for
Is a
Contains
Ronald
OrganizationIs aContains
Organization
part
Is a
Contains
Man
Person
Is a
Contains
Group 2.1
Is a
Is a Is part of
Is composed of
FEL Node
Legend
Association
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Metadata (1)Roadmap - Notion System
•Metadata can contain various information
•Example 4D “validity space” of a person
3D
Time
Birthday Burial
Moved to another town
•At various scales
Home
Office
Holiday
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Metadata (2)Roadmap - Notion System
•Examples of metadata
•Access authorization (public, private, …)
•Metadata is available for notions and relationships
•Ownership of the information
•How reliable it is
•New metadata can be added when necessary
•Metadata is used for automatic maintenance, filtering, etc.
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Metadata (3)Roadmap - IKM-I3
Is a
Contains
Ronald
ManIs a
Contains
Person
0.1Display relevance
1.0Display relevance
1.0
Display relevance
1.0
Display relevance
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LogicRoadmap - Notion System
• Inference rules are notions
• Rules are combined in rule-sets (which are notions too)
• Rules and rule-sets have metadata about how they can be
used and combined
• Rules and rule-sets can have relationships to notions
• The rule-set that derives the grandfather of a person is
related to the notion “Grandfather”
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Related workRoadmap - Notion System
• Similar ideas and related techniques exist with more or less
differences:
• Topic Maps
• RDF(S) (Resource Description Framework (Schemas))
• OIL (Ontology Inference Layer)
• W3C Semantic Web Activity Statement
• DAML (DARPA Agent Markup Language)
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What soon will beRoadmap - Immediate Future
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Server
Storage
SemanticNetworkEngine
Services
Applications
Client
Global ArchitectureRoadmap - Immediate Future
Data
SecurityApplication Security
Communication
Security
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Cloning of concepts (1)Roadmap - Immediate Future
• Backup
M
C1
C1
C1
C2
C2
C2
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Cloning of concepts (2)Roadmap - Immediate Future
• Availability
M
C1
C1
C1
C2
C2
C2
?
C1
M
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• Concept extraction and mapping• Enhancing the actual techniques by comparing the text based results (in their
context) to the semantic network
Content Analysis (1)Roadmap - Immediate Future
• Identifying without “name ambiguity” the concepts a
document is about
• Extending the network by adding the documents and
linking them to the concepts identified
• NLP will be able to realize relationship extraction
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ND = 1
ND = 2
ND = 3
Network DistanceRoadmap - Immediate Future
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Semantic Distance (1)Roadmap - Immediate Future
Ronald
Breda
Noord Brabant
The Netherlands
Europe
The Earth
Solar System
Is Born in
Is Located in
Is Located in
Are Located in
Is Located on
Is Located in
The Semantic Distance between
two nodes is equal to the
minimum number of different
associations that are not used in
a transitive way : SDx(n1,n2)
For Ili,Ali,Ilo transitive:
SD1(Ronald,Breda)=“Is Born in”
SD1(Ronald,Solar System)=“Is
Born in”
SD0(Breda,Solar System)=“Is
Located in”
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Ronald
Breda
Noord Brabant
The Netherlands
Europe
The Earth
Solar System
Is Born in
Is Located in
Is Located in
Are Located in
Is Located on
Is Located in
Semantic Distance (2)Roadmap - Immediate Future
Construct virtual
associations with SD0 or SD1
that have a meaning
(semantically significant).
Is Born in
For SD2 and higher virtual
associations you can’t give a
clear meaning. They only
have “something to do” with
each other.
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Semantic Similarity (1)Roadmap - Immediate Future
The Semantic Similarity is the shortest path you can take between two
nodes using only associations in a transitive way.
The participating associations are defined in mutually inverted
transitive couples (At and AtI). (SD is always 0).
The similarity increases each time an At is traversed and decreases as
an AtI is traversed in reversed order.
The “turn point” in the path is called the Reference Node (RN).
The SSx is expressed in terms of the associations used, RN and ND.
Nodes with SS0 are most similar.
The greater the absolute value of SS the more dissimilar the nodes are.
Couples of nodes with equal SS but with a lower ND are more similar.
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Primate
Person
WomanMan
JudyJaneTarzan
Pongo
chimp
Female
H. sapiens
Homo
At1
At2 At2
At2
At2
At2
At2At1
At1 At1 At1
At1
Va2
Va1
Va2
Semantic Similarity (2)Roadmap - Immediate Future
Tarzan and Jane are more similar
to each other SS0(At1,Person,4)
and SS0(Va2,H. sapiens,2) then
they individually to Judy
SS0(Va2,At2,Primate,6).
Jane is more similar to Judy then
Tarzan is resp.
SS0(Va1,At1,Female,2) and
SS0(Va2,At2,Primate,6)
At1 = Is a - Contains
At2 = Belongs to - Is composed of
At1 At1
At1 At1
Va2
At2 At2
At2
At2
At2
Va2
Va1At1
Va2
At2 At2
At2
At2
At2
Va1 = Virtual Ass with SD0(At1)
Va2 = Virtual Ass SD1(At2,At1)
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Primate
Person
WomanMan
JudyJaneTarzan
Pongo
chimp
Female
H. sapiens
Homo
At1
At2 At2
At2
At2
At2
At2At1
At1 At1 At1
At1
Va2
Va1
Va2
Content analysis (2)Roadmap - Immediate Future
At1 = Is a - Contains
At2 = Belongs to - Is composed of
Daktari
Va1 = Virtual Ass with SD0(At1)
Va2 = Virtual Ass SD1(At2,At1)
Where is the error?
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Searching and displayRoadmap - Immediate Future
• Search for concepts, not only documents
• User’s context information will be used
• Navigation through the information space will become more
important
• NL questions can be answered
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• All users can be authors
Collaborative network (1)Roadmap - Immediate Future
• They can create new concepts
• They can add new relationships between existing concepts
• They “own” the information they created
• Users are concepts
• Agents are users
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Collaborative network (2)Roadmap - Immediate Future
• The contents of documents can be part of the network or
only the information about it
• Linking or integration with other sources (e.g. ontology,
database)
• Collaborate with specialized applications providing input
for them and excepting output from them
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Communication (1)Roadmap - Immediate Future
• Four forms of communication:
• Human - Machine - Human (H-M-H)• Human - Machine - Machine (H-M-M)
• Machine - Machine - Machine (M-M-M)
• The machine in the middle (here the semantic network) provokes:
• Disruption in time (the creator doesn’t know when it will be
used)• Unknown target (the creator don’t know who will use it)
• For memory only:• Human - Human (H-H) (individual email)• Human - Machine (H-M) (interface to a database)• Machine - Human (M-H) (?)
• Machine - Machine - Human (M-M-H)
• Machine - Machine (M-M) (automatic replication)
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Communication (2)Roadmap - Immediate Future
• Problems with communication:
• The information communicated needs a context in order to be
perceived as the emitter intended (implicit or explicit)
• Humans need other contextual information then machines
(author and title versus ISBN)
• Trust
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Communication (3)Roadmap - Immediate Future
Primate
Person
WomanMan
JudyJaneTarzan
Pongo
chimp
Female
H. sapiens
Homo
At1
At2 At2
At2
At2
At2
At2At1
At1 At1 At1
At1
Va2
Va1
Va2
Clarence
lion
At2Daktari
•Thinking context was SS •You didn’t trust me (I could
have made a mistake)•There were 2 data contexts
(Tarzan, Daktari) but you “saw”
only one
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Communication - Context (1)Roadmap - Immediate Future
Judy
Jane Tarzan
chimp
Clarence
Dr Marsh Tracy
Daktari
Jul 24, 2000 at 06:04PM
Zoo officials said the female chimp named Judy was electrocuted
when she jumped on a power line. http://www.wfaa.com/wfaa/articledisplay/0,1002,12539,00.html
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Roadmap - Immediate Future Communication - Context (2)
• Defining which other nodes (and attributes) are contextually
important for a particular node (for human users)
• Use Network Distance, Semantic Distance and Semantic
Similarity
• In combination with user behavior (e.g. word associations in
queries)
• Combine the existing pure text based technologies to the
advantages of the semantic web
• For machines use URI’s (RDF), UUID’s (Notion System), PSI (Topic
Maps) or Constants (Upper Cyc Ontology)
• There is still a lot of research to be done on human behavior,
cultural and ethnical differences,… in relation to the SW.
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What will beRoadmap - The Road Ahead
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Context sensitive dataRoadmap - The Road Ahead
Navigation types
Historical view1950
Future view (Where are you Hall?)2010
Device dependant display
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Delivery of InformationRoadmap - The Road Ahead
• The availability of information can be managed in different ways:
• Restricted to groups or individuals
• Public
• Globally to be paid (License)
• Pay-per-view access
• Payment varies over time
• “Hot news” is delivered for a fee• “Old news” is free
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Persistency and DynamicsRoadmap - The Road Ahead
• Some information should only be available for a short time
• Concepts and relationships will remain available and are made
persistent
• Short life span over timeResults from a inference engine on a particular question
• Not interesting for the future“Normal” values from a sensor (out of normal range values will have consequences
and we can imagine we want to preserve this information)
• Relevance decay models based on non-usage or age
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Context of assessmentsRoadmap - The Road Ahead
• Other ones are only true within a particular context
• Some assessments are “universally” true
• Scientists have different opinions on a subject
• Probability that an assessment is true
• Inference conclusions (using assessments that are not 100%
true themselves)
• The absence of information can interpreted in the whole
range from false to true. Depending on the kind of
information and the available related information in the
network we can determine a probability that it might be true.
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Glue and enablerRoadmap - The Road Ahead
• The semantic web will be the glue for enhancing various existing
technologies (providing a reference framework)
• Multi media (non text based) content extraction
• Speech recognition
• Automatic summarization
That we even can’t imagine now
• The semantic web will be an enabler for new technologies
• Machine translation
• Non text based search (Asking “Who is this?” )
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(Mobile) Agent technology (1)Roadmap - The Road Ahead
• Dynamic Concept Cloning allows load balancing and
assures a high degree of availability
• Partial Contents Cloning if security is involved
• Concept Locators will replace the Knowledge Servers
• Instead in being dead data, concepts will be able to act and
react
• Concepts are (mobile) Information Bearing Agents
• Delegated Function Cloning assures task delegation for load
balancing (e.g. Change monitoring)
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(Mobile) Agent technology (2)Roadmap - The Road Ahead
• Periodically started actions
• External Evaluations: similar concepts, quality, isolation of
groups of concepts
• Internal Evaluations: quality, contradictions, reestablish derived
data, check data (e.g. email addresses, URL’s)
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Finally (1)Roadmap - The Road Ahead
…is the fact that you’ll be able to take
your PDA and connect it up to the
conference web site. And they will do
mind melt and immediately your PDA
will be able to work out where you are
and suddenly for the first time you won’t
have to being importing and exporting
data between all these systems. Well
that’s kind of fun and I think it would be
useful.
Integrating devices IN the
Semantic Network
Tim Berners-Lee
XML2000When Contents
Has been
mentioned by
7 March 2001KT2001: The Semantic Network of IKM-I3 46
• Your car will tell everyone involved that you are late because you
are in a traffic jam (the traffic jam itself has become a node)
• Just imagine...
• Your smartcard will tell your fridge that he heard that the wife
of your boss...
• Smart camera for aggression detection (R. Kemp -TNO-FEL)
• Intelligent devices are not new but a part of their “intelligence”
comes from the information available in the semantic web
• They are not only using the Semantic Web they are an integral
part of it
Finally (2)Roadmap - The Road Ahead
• The complete domotic house
7 March 2001KT2001: The Semantic Network of IKM-I3 47
The Road Ahead...
Roadmap - The Semantic Web
is full of challenges and promises...
Thank you for your attention
Copyright notice:
Use of reproductions with authorization for this presentation:
EMI Music Holland B.V., 2000: Cover Photo CD “The Road Ahead” - City to City
Tim Berners-Lee: Sound extract, presentation on XML2000.
7 March 2001KT2001: The Semantic Network of IKM-I3 48
PartnersWe are still looking for partners who want to collaborate in the
developments related to the Semantic Web illustrated here.
Some of the themes:• distributed data• new human interfaces• cloning related techniques• ...
There is also a need for collaboration on related topics like P3P,
CC/PP, RDF, … which are not (yet) fully suited to fulfill the
needs of a Semantic Web in this form.
Coordination:
Program: Geurt-Jan van Renswoude [email protected]
Conceptual: Ronald A. Poell [email protected]