Neo Freudian ApproachNeo Freudian Approach

Carl JungCarl Jung

Analytical psychologyAnalytical psychology

Psychology of unconsciousPsychology of unconscious

Depth psychologyDepth psychology

Jung and his school The concept of the psychological archetype

(premordial image) The concept of collective unconscious Theory of synchronicity

ArchetypeArchetype• a hereditary given, that a hereditary given, that shapesshapes and and

transformstransforms individual conscious individual conscious • is defined especially by a is defined especially by a tendencytendency rather than rather than

by specific contents or inherited imagesby specific contents or inherited images• a matrix that influences human behavior both a matrix that influences human behavior both

on the level of ideas and on the moral, ethical on the level of ideas and on the moral, ethical level of conduct in generallevel of conduct in general

• is psychoid that is psychic-type but not is psychoid that is psychic-type but not immediately accessible to the mind immediately accessible to the mind

Collective unconsciousCollective unconscious• a universal library of human patterns of behavior a universal library of human patterns of behavior • a universal datum, that is every human being is a universal datum, that is every human being is

endowed with this psychic archetype-layer since endowed with this psychic archetype-layer since his/her birth his/her birth

• archetypes constitute the structure of the archetypes constitute the structure of the collective unconscious - they are collective unconscious - they are psychic innate psychic innate dispositions to experience and represent basic dispositions to experience and represent basic human behaviors and situationshuman behaviors and situations

• archetypes manifest themselves through archetypes manifest themselves through archetypal images (in all the cultures and archetypal images (in all the cultures and religious doctrines), dreams and visionsreligious doctrines), dreams and visions

• Finally the archetype is God in manFinally the archetype is God in man

SynchronicitySynchronicity

It gave conclusive evidence for Jung concepts of It gave conclusive evidence for Jung concepts of archetypes and the collective unconsciousarchetypes and the collective unconscious

Means:-Means:-• the conceptual relationship of minds, is structured the conceptual relationship of minds, is structured

in its own logical way and gives rise to in its own logical way and gives rise to relationships which have nothing to do with causal relationships which have nothing to do with causal relationships in which a cause precedes an effectrelationships in which a cause precedes an effect

• temporally coincident occurrences of acausal temporally coincident occurrences of acausal eventsevents

• 'acausal connecting principle' (i.e., a pattern of 'acausal connecting principle' (i.e., a pattern of connection that cannot be explained by connection that cannot be explained by conventional, efficient causality)conventional, efficient causality) ‘ ‘meaningful meaningful coincidence’ or ‘acausal parallelism’ coincidence’ or ‘acausal parallelism’

The schoolThe schoolo understanding the psyche through exploring the understanding the psyche through exploring the

worlds of worlds of dreams, art, mythology, world dreams, art, mythology, world religion and philosophyreligion and philosophy

o emphasizes the importance of balance and emphasizes the importance of balance and harmony harmony

o emphasizes the importance of process of emphasizes the importance of process of individuationindividuation

o emphasizes the process of emphasizes the process of imaginationimaginationo the concept of the concept of compensationcompensationo the concept of the concept of transformationtransformation

IndividuationIndividuation the process of development of the individualthe process of development of the individual a process through which "the patient becomes a process through which "the patient becomes

what he really is" what he really is" the purpose of Jungian psychotherapy is not for the purpose of Jungian psychotherapy is not for

the patient to become merely "normal" rather, it is the patient to become merely "normal" rather, it is for the patient to become truly unique for the patient to become truly unique

it is a process through which "a man becomes the it is a process through which "a man becomes the definite, unique being he in fact is.”definite, unique being he in fact is.”

What is so distinctive, so special about Jungian analysis is What is so distinctive, so special about Jungian analysis is that it emphasizes images. Jungian analysis is a that it emphasizes images. Jungian analysis is a psychotherapy that exercises and explores the imagination.psychotherapy that exercises and explores the imagination.

Imagination offer usImagination offer us vividly precise, profoundly expansive vision of our intimate vividly precise, profoundly expansive vision of our intimate

relations, relations, our material aspirations, our material aspirations, our artistic creations, our artistic creations, our spiritual obligationsour spiritual obligations it is eloquently informative ,it is eloquently informative , radically transformativeradically transformative with exquisite exactitude, valuable perspectives on what with exquisite exactitude, valuable perspectives on what

life means – on who we have been, who we are, and who we life means – on who we have been, who we are, and who we might becomemight become

CompensationCompensation

The advice that the unconscious offers to the The advice that the unconscious offers to the patient patient

‘ ‘the attitude of the conscious mind is too the attitude of the conscious mind is too one-sided and too narrow, then the solution, one-sided and too narrow, then the solution, is "to compensate the one-sidedness and is "to compensate the one-sidedness and narrowness of the conscious mind by narrowness of the conscious mind by deepening its knowledge of the deepening its knowledge of the unconscious.“’unconscious.“’

TransformationTransformation

The fascinating thing Jung discovered was The fascinating thing Jung discovered was that, when looked at through a symbolic, that, when looked at through a symbolic, imaginative, psychological "lens" imaginative, psychological "lens" unconsciously, the process of transformation unconsciously, the process of transformation takes place reflected in an internal takes place reflected in an internal developmental process of "wholeness" and developmental process of "wholeness" and healthhealth in the human psyche in the human psyche (which Jung (which Jung termed as "individuation").termed as "individuation").

Jung PsychotherapyJung Psychotherapy

1)Definition1)Definitiono a face-to -face psychoanalytic psychotherapy based on a face-to -face psychoanalytic psychotherapy based on

psychodynamic principlespsychodynamic principleso in sharp contrast to the psychoanalytic model of the mind in sharp contrast to the psychoanalytic model of the mind

restricted to instinct, drive, and defenserestricted to instinct, drive, and defenseo postulated an innate, irreducible, and thus additional postulated an innate, irreducible, and thus additional

psychic need to apprehend meaning and to express it psychic need to apprehend meaning and to express it symbolicallysymbolically

o the need generates a religious impulse that cannot in the need generates a religious impulse that cannot in every case be derived from the biological drivesevery case be derived from the biological drives

o when ignored or blocked, this need can produce not only when ignored or blocked, this need can produce not only unhappiness, but psychological distress and eventually unhappiness, but psychological distress and eventually overt symptomsovert symptoms

2)Aim2)Aimo should guide the patient to a personal confrontation should guide the patient to a personal confrontation

with the collective unconscious, and with archetypes with the collective unconscious, and with archetypes o this confrontation aims the assimilation of archetypal this confrontation aims the assimilation of archetypal

images, in one word the individuation, an extensive images, in one word the individuation, an extensive process that leads to the realization of a psychic process that leads to the realization of a psychic totality that includes equally the conscious and the totality that includes equally the conscious and the unconscious unconscious

o in common terms, it is all about an extension of the in common terms, it is all about an extension of the conscious mind which includes therefore the conscious mind which includes therefore the archetypal materials. archetypal materials.

3)Format3)Formato a face to face processa face to face processo ““neutrality” of the classical psychoanalyst was neutrality” of the classical psychoanalyst was

undesirable-because largely illusioryundesirable-because largely illusioryo a more “personal” form of psychotherapy is a more “personal” form of psychotherapy is

suggested in which the mixing of the patients suggested in which the mixing of the patients problems and biases with those of the therapist problems and biases with those of the therapist would be accepted as a virtuewould be accepted as a virtue

o treatment sessions last about an hour and take treatment sessions last about an hour and take place no more than three times weekly, more place no more than three times weekly, more typically once or twicetypically once or twice

4)Process4)Process

his methods of therapyhis methods of therapy Free Associations TestFree Associations Test Dream AnalysisDream Analysis Active ImaginationActive Imagination Symbol AnalysisSymbol Analysis

Dream interpretationDream interpretation

the Jungian approach to dream interpretation the Jungian approach to dream interpretation uses two main techniques:uses two main techniques:

o association and amplification association and amplification

techniques in which the patient is taught techniques in which the patient is taught (by (by commentary, not directive) how to make commentary, not directive) how to make plausible links between the elements of dreams plausible links between the elements of dreams and their personal concernsand their personal concerns

Active imaginationActive imaginationo a method of assimilating unconscious contents a method of assimilating unconscious contents

(dreams, fantasies, etc.) through some form of (dreams, fantasies, etc.) through some form of self-expressionself-expression

o the patient will be guided to converse with the the patient will be guided to converse with the dream figures in imaginationdream figures in imagination

o the goal is to achieve a state of mind akin to the goal is to achieve a state of mind akin to certain forms of meditation that utilize explicit certain forms of meditation that utilize explicit visualizationvisualization

5)Individuation5)Individuation

Successful individuation process offers:Successful individuation process offers:o the encounter with the archetypes greatly expands the the encounter with the archetypes greatly expands the

individual’s sense of meaning and purpose in life, and individual’s sense of meaning and purpose in life, and their flexibility in adaptation their flexibility in adaptation

o Potentials previously unrecognized and untapped may Potentials previously unrecognized and untapped may be awakened, and aspects of the personality that had be awakened, and aspects of the personality that had lain fallow may now be cultivated and incorporated, lain fallow may now be cultivated and incorporated, yielding greater “wholeness”yielding greater “wholeness”

o expansion of the personality in dreams and active expansion of the personality in dreams and active imagination by the spontaneous appearance of imagination by the spontaneous appearance of symbols of the “self”symbols of the “self”

Stages of an ideal individuation process :Stages of an ideal individuation process :o Integration of the ‘personal unconscious’, or Integration of the ‘personal unconscious’, or

‘shadow’ with the unconscious ‘shadow’ with the unconscious o The “anima” and “animus”The “anima” and “animus”o The “Great Mother”The “Great Mother”o The “Wise old Man” The “Wise old Man” o The “Self”, an overarching union of all of The “Self”, an overarching union of all of

these, that is at once the superordinate these, that is at once the superordinate representation of God and the foundation of representation of God and the foundation of individual identityindividual identity

Jung’s influence in psychotherapyJung’s influence in psychotherapy

Introducing:Introducing: The concept of introversion vs. extraversion The concept of introversion vs. extraversion The concept of the complex The concept of the complex Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI), Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI),

psychometric questionnaire,was inspired by psychometric questionnaire,was inspired by Jung's psychological types theoryJung's psychological types theory

Socionics (personality theory)is also based on Socionics (personality theory)is also based on Jung's psychological types Jung's psychological types

Treatment goals Treatment goals o the ignition of process in therapy, and at least the ignition of process in therapy, and at least

some substantial experience of the Selfsome substantial experience of the Selfo With the acquisition of a sense of meaning and With the acquisition of a sense of meaning and

higher purpose in life, symptoms may be higher purpose in life, symptoms may be expected either to disappear or, if not, to have expected either to disappear or, if not, to have taken on the kind of meaning that allows them taken on the kind of meaning that allows them to be accepted as a gift rather than a hindranceto be accepted as a gift rather than a hindrance

ConclusionConclusion Jungian therapy is most distinct when aiming Jungian therapy is most distinct when aiming

its therapeutics primarily at the development its therapeutics primarily at the development of a spiritual lifeof a spiritual life

Its treatment method is no better than for any Its treatment method is no better than for any other method-or worseother method-or worse

Jungian therapists do a good job on the whole Jungian therapists do a good job on the whole Jungian therapists favour a style of Jungian therapists favour a style of

communication that is comfortable for communication that is comfortable for individualsindividuals