NATIONAL ICT STRATEGY AND NATIONAL ICT STRATEGY AND INFRASTRUCTUREINFRASTRUCTURE
Comparing Kenya with her Comparing Kenya with her CompetitorsCompetitors
DR. ERIC M. ALIGULAInfrastructure and Economic Services Division
KIPPRA
DR. KATHERINE GETAOSchool of Computing and Informatics
University of Nairobi
Presented at the The National ICT Convention of 23-25 March 2004
Safari Park Hotel, Nairobi, Kenya
Wednesday 24 March 2004Wednesday 24 March 2004
Presented at the Presented at the The National ICT Convention of 23-25 March 2004The National ICT Convention of 23-25 March 2004
Safari Park Hotel, Nairobi, KenyaSafari Park Hotel, Nairobi, Kenya 22
Aligula, EM and Getao, Katherine
OUTLINE OF THE PRESENTATIONOUTLINE OF THE PRESENTATION
IntroductionIntroduction
The Need for an ICT StrategyThe Need for an ICT Strategy
Comparative ICT Infrastructure StatusComparative ICT Infrastructure Status
Detailed Case Study – MalaysiaDetailed Case Study – Malaysia
Lessons from Case StudiesLessons from Case Studies
The Way Forward for KenyaThe Way Forward for Kenya
Wednesday 24 March 2004Wednesday 24 March 2004
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Aligula, EM and Getao, Katherine
THE NEED FOR AN ICT STRATEGYTHE NEED FOR AN ICT STRATEGY
7Build coalitions for
policy and institutional reforms.
6Focus scarce resources
on exploiting ICT for nationalpriorities and sequence and
phase complementaryinvestments
6Clarify roles, build
public-private partnerships, facilitate participation by
all stakeholders5
Address coordination failures, exploit network effects,
and secure complementary investments
4Re-orient the national
innovation system to meet technological learning requirements of ICT
3Complement market
forces, promote societal applications, enable bottom up
efforts, & ensure learning and scaling up
2Address needs of
promising segments of the ICT industry and
for export and economy-wide competitiveness
1Raise awareness, resources and
commitment to action
NEED FOR NEED FOR ICT ICT
STRATEGYSTRATEGY
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Aligula, EM and Getao, Katherine
FOCUS OF ICT STRATEGYFOCUS OF ICT STRATEGYA TypologyA Typology
NATIONAL ICT
STRATEGY
ICT as a Sector
ICT as an Enabler
EXPORT MARKET FOCUS
(Costa Rica & India)
NATIONAL CAPACITY/ DOMESTIC MARKET
FOCUS(Brazil)
GLOBAL POSITIONINGFOCUS
(Malaysia)
DEVELOPMENT GOALSFOCUS
(Malaysia, South Africa and Estonia)
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Aligula, EM and Getao, Katherine
ICT STRATEGYICT STRATEGYFocus of InterventionsFocus of Interventions
CountryCountry Strategy OverviewStrategy Overview Key InterventionsKey Interventions Some ChallengesSome Challenges
South South AfricaAfrica
ICT targeted as an ICT targeted as an enabler of developmentenabler of development
Combines public sector Combines public sector vision and private sector vision and private sector developmentdevelopment
National Skills National Skills Development Development InitiativeInitiative
E-rate – subsidy for E-rate – subsidy for schools internet schools internet costs costs
IT Brain DrainIT Brain Drain
PovertyPoverty
Enhancing IT LiteracyEnhancing IT Literacy
EgyptEgypt
National ICT Plan focusing National ICT Plan focusing on human resource on human resource development, development, development of ICT development of ICT infrastructure, and building infrastructure, and building local demand for ICT local demand for ICT through effective PPPsthrough effective PPPs
Smart VillageSmart Village
Egypt Cyber CentreEgypt Cyber Centre
Lack of a predictable Lack of a predictable legal framework around legal framework around consumer rights and consumer rights and electronic transactionselectronic transactions
Education, intermittent Education, intermittent instability and povertyinstability and poverty
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Aligula, EM and Getao, Katherine
ICT STRATEGYICT STRATEGYFocus of InterventionsFocus of Interventions
CountryCountry Strategy OverviewStrategy OverviewKey Key InterventionsInterventions
Some ChallengesSome Challenges
MalaysiaMalaysia
Government led policies and Government led policies and initiatives aimed at attracting initiatives aimed at attracting high-end foreign investment high-end foreign investment and leading a transition to a and leading a transition to a knowledge economyknowledge economy
Multimedia Multimedia Super CorridorSuper Corridor
Development Development hurdles of a highly hurdles of a highly rural developing rural developing economyeconomy
SingaporeSingaporeAn industry led strategy, in An industry led strategy, in which the government acts as which the government acts as a catalysta catalyst
Master plan on Master plan on IT EducationIT Education
Liberalisation Liberalisation of the telecoms of the telecoms marketmarket
Inadequate supply Inadequate supply of an ICT-skilled of an ICT-skilled workforceworkforce
Facilitating SME Facilitating SME adoption of e-adoption of e-CommerceCommerce
Small Domestic Small Domestic MarketMarket
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COMPARATIVE ICT STATUSCOMPARATIVE ICT STATUSInstitutional InfrastructureInstitutional Infrastructure
COUNTRY MINISTRY RESPONSIBLE REGULATORY INDICATORS
Independent Regulator Converged Regulator
National ICT Strategy
Kenya •Office of the President•Transport & Communications•Information and Broadcasting
YesCommunications Commission
of KenyaNo No
South Africa
Communications
YesSouth Africa
Telecommunications Regulatory Authority
No Yes
EgyptCommunications and Information Technology
YesTelecommunications Regulatory Authority
No Yes
MalaysiaEnergy, Telecommunications and Multimedia
NoMalaysian Communications and Multimedia Commission
No Yes
SingaporeInformation, Communications and the Arts
YesTelecommunications Authority
of SingaporeNo Yes
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COMPARATIVE ICT STATUSCOMPARATIVE ICT STATUSTeledensity and Traffic FlowsTeledensity and Traffic Flows
TELEDENSITY DATA
1.03
10.66
11.04
19.04
46.28
4.15
30.39
6.68
37.68
79.56
Kenya
South Africa
Egypt
Malaysia
Singapore
Country
Mobile Subscribers Per 100 Persons
Main Telephone Lines Per 100 Persons
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COMPARATIVE ICT STATUSCOMPARATIVE ICT STATUSTeledensity and Traffic FlowsTeledensity and Traffic Flows
TRAFFIC FLOW DATA
48.58
945.0
2
8,8
61.4
0
9,9
78.6
9
18,4
47.2
0
1,812.58559.831,065.80530.39
10,2
61.4
1
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
18000
20000
Kenya South Africa Egypt Malaysia Singapore
Country
International Voice Traffic (in millions of minutes)
Total Voice and Internet Traffic (in Gigabits)
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COMPARATIVE ICT STATUSCOMPARATIVE ICT STATUS Information Technology, Gateway Capacity and E-ReadinessInformation Technology, Gateway Capacity and E-Readiness
CATEGORY KenyaSouth Africa
Egypt Malaysia Singapore
Internet Users per 10,000 persons
125.27 682.01 282.26 3,196.89 5,043.59
Internet Hosts per 10,000 persons
0.93 43.75 0.45 35.18 812.62
PCs per 100 persons
0.64 7.26 1.66 14.68 62.2
Wednesday 24 March 2004Wednesday 24 March 2004
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Aligula, EM and Getao, Katherine
COMPARATIVE ICT STATUSCOMPARATIVE ICT STATUS Information Technology, Gateway Capacity and E-ReadinessInformation Technology, Gateway Capacity and E-Readiness
INTERNATIONAL INTERNET GATEWAY (Mbps), 2003
1,352.72
798
1,063.96
109.66
45.68Kenya
South Africa
Egypt
Malaysia
Singapore
Countr
y
Wednesday 24 March 2004Wednesday 24 March 2004
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Aligula, EM and Getao, Katherine
COMPARATIVE ICT STATUSCOMPARATIVE ICT STATUS Information Technology, Gateway Capacity and E-GovernmentInformation Technology, Gateway Capacity and E-Government
E-Government Ranking, 2003 (%)
46.3
25.7
31.8
28
36.7
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Kenya
South Africa
EgyptMalaysia
Singapore
Wednesday 24 March 2004Wednesday 24 March 2004
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Aligula, EM and Getao, Katherine
THE MALAYSIAN ICT STRATEGYTHE MALAYSIAN ICT STRATEGYMalaysia and ICTs – Why?Malaysia and ICTs – Why?
Recognition that Malaysia was losing its comparative Recognition that Malaysia was losing its comparative advantage in its traditional economic sectors;advantage in its traditional economic sectors;
Need to drive the economy towards higher productivity Need to drive the economy towards higher productivity through technology and high value-added economic activities;through technology and high value-added economic activities;
Information Age and converging technologies presented the Information Age and converging technologies presented the best opportunities for socio-economic transformation.best opportunities for socio-economic transformation.
ICTs AS A TOOL TO ACHIEVE DEVELOPMENT GOALSICTs AS A TOOL TO ACHIEVE DEVELOPMENT GOALS
ICTS AS STRATEGIC ENABLERS IN MOVING MALAYSIA ICTS AS STRATEGIC ENABLERS IN MOVING MALAYSIA TOWARDS KNOWLEDGE SOCIETY AND KNOWLEDGE TOWARDS KNOWLEDGE SOCIETY AND KNOWLEDGE
ECONOMYECONOMY
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THE MALAYSIAN ICT STRATEGYTHE MALAYSIAN ICT STRATEGY
Create a mutually supportive feedback loop Create a mutually supportive feedback loop between demand and supply aimed at laying the between demand and supply aimed at laying the foundation for the knowledge economy and societyfoundation for the knowledge economy and society
Initiate the process through policy interventionInitiate the process through policy intervention
National IT Agenda (NITA) formulated in 1996 with National IT Agenda (NITA) formulated in 1996 with the specific aim of transforming Malaysia into a the specific aim of transforming Malaysia into a knowledge economy by 2020knowledge economy by 2020
NITA implemented through the National Information NITA implemented through the National Information Technology Council (NITC)Technology Council (NITC)
Wednesday 24 March 2004Wednesday 24 March 2004
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NATIONAL INFORMATION NATIONAL INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY COUNCIL (NITC)TECHNOLOGY COUNCIL (NITC)
Chaired by the Prime Minister of MalaysiaChaired by the Prime Minister of Malaysia
Established in 1994 with the vision of creating a Established in 1994 with the vision of creating a values-based Knowledge Society in line with the values-based Knowledge Society in line with the aspirations of Vision 2020aspirations of Vision 2020
Aims to enhance the development and utilization of Aims to enhance the development and utilization of ICT as a strategic technology for national ICT as a strategic technology for national developmentdevelopment
Acts as a think-tank at the highest level and advises Acts as a think-tank at the highest level and advises the government on matters pertaining to the the government on matters pertaining to the development of ICT in Malaysiadevelopment of ICT in Malaysia
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NITC’S MODEL FOR POLICY INTERVENTION NITC’S MODEL FOR POLICY INTERVENTION
Feedback loop for policy review
Organizational levelOperational functionExecution
ICT BasedActivities
National levelStrategic functionPolicy coordination and integration
Policy Framework
NITC Strategic Initiatives
Inter- and IntraAgency
Sectoral Policy
Organizational Operational Activities
National levelTactical functionInstitutional programme coordination
Programs& Initiatives
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INFOSTRUCTUREINFOSTRUCTUREInfo. Age Development
Foundation
PEOPLEPEOPLEcomprehensive
human development
CONTENT &CONTENT &APPLICATIONSAPPLICATIONSSolutions for Info.
Age work and life
ACCESS AND
EQUITY
QUALITATIVE
TRANSFORMATION
CREATING VALUE
VISION 2020Values-based Knowledge
Society
• Connectivity• Equitable access to info• Culture of learning• Info literacy
Sustainable societal innovation for better
Quality of Life
• Innovation systems, creativity, entrepreneurship through R&D
• Life long learning
THE NATIONAL INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AGENDA (NITA)
Wednesday 24 March 2004Wednesday 24 March 2004
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STRATEGIC THRUST AREASSTRATEGIC THRUST AREASS
TR
AT
EG
IC T
HR
US
T A
RE
AS
e-Economy
e-Public Services
e-Community
e-Learning
e-Sovereignity
Covered all areas of the economy with the aim of creating value and wealth through successful participation in the emerging knowledge driven economy
Focused on the provision of people oriented, customer focused services electronically
Facilitated interaction and communication among communities to improve the quality of life
Focused on cultivating a life-long learning culture
Focused on building a resilient national identity in the face of challenges to the nation
Wednesday 24 March 2004Wednesday 24 March 2004
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Aligula, EM and Getao, Katherine
STRATEGIC THRUST AREASSTRATEGIC THRUST AREASS
TR
AT
EG
IC T
HR
US
T A
RE
AS
Conferences and Expositions
Demonstrator Application Grants (DAGS)
Multimedia Super Corridor
Provided a framework and platform for dialogue and exchange of national and international experiences on ICT, as well as to raise the awareness of the Malaysian public about Information Age developments
Promoting the use of ICT and multimedia for socio-economic development through developing communities enabled by electronic networks e.g. NutriWeb, CyberCare, Neighbourhood Centres
Provide a comprehensive world-class ICT enabled working and living environment to catalyse development of a knowledge economy. Acted as a global test bed for innovative solutions as well as a hub for development of both local and foreign SMEs
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Create the ideal multimedia environment to attract world-class companies to use MSC as a hub
Catalyze a highly competitive cluster of Malaysian multimedia/IT companies that become world-class over time
Leapfrog into success in the
Information Age
Go Global
Lead Regional
Create value from Information Age
businesses
Enhance domestic
productivity
MULTIMEDIA SUPER CORRIDOR STRATEGYMULTIMEDIA SUPER CORRIDOR STRATEGY
Wednesday 24 March 2004Wednesday 24 March 2004
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1 Corridor
50 world-class companies
Launch 7 flagship applications
World-leading framework of cyber laws
• Cyberjaya as world-leading intelligent city
• Web of corridors
• 250 world-class companies
• Set global standards in flagship applications
• Harmonized global framework of cyber laws
• 4-5 intelligent cities linked to other global cyber cities
• All of Malaysia
• 500 world-class companies
• Global test-bed for new multimedia applications
• International Cyber Court of Justice in MSC
• 12 intelligent cities linked to global information highway
Transform Malaysia into a knowledge society
Phase 3Phase 2
Link the MSC to other cyber cities in Malaysia and worldwide
Phase 1
Successfully create the Multimedia Super Corridor
THE MULTIMEDIA SUPER CORRIDOR THE MULTIMEDIA SUPER CORRIDOR VISION (MSC): FROM 1996 TO 2020VISION (MSC): FROM 1996 TO 2020
Leapfrog into
leadership in the
Information Age
1996 20202003 2010
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CYBERLAWS AND INCENTIVESCYBERLAWS AND INCENTIVES Malaysian ICT Legal FrameworkMalaysian ICT Legal Framework
MALAYSIAN CYBERLAWS
The Computer Crimes Act 1997
The Communication and Multimedia
Act (1998)
The Copyright (Amendment) Act
1997
The Telemedicine
Act 1997
Digital Signature Act 1997
The Electronic Transactions
legislation (ETA)
The Electronic Government
Activities legislation (EGA)
Personal Data Protection Legislation
Wednesday 24 March 2004Wednesday 24 March 2004
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CYBERLAWS AND INCENTIVESCYBERLAWS AND INCENTIVESBill of GuaranteesBill of Guarantees
4. Unrestricted employment of foreign knowledge workers
5. Freedom of ownership
6. Freedom to source capital globally
7. World-class physical & IT infrastructure
8. Globally competitive tariffs
9. High-quality urban development
10. Excellent education facilities & human resource talent pool
1. Five-year exemption from Malaysian income tax renewable to 10 years,
2. 100-percent Investment Tax Allowance (ITA)
3. Duty-free importation of multimedia equipment.
FINANCIAL NON-FINANCIAL
Wednesday 24 March 2004Wednesday 24 March 2004
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E-BusinessE-Business
TelehealthTelehealth
Smart SchoolsSmart Schools Multipurpose CardMultipurpose Card Electronic GovernmentElectronic Government
Worldwide Worldwide Manufacturing WebManufacturing Web
Technopreneur Technopreneur DevelopmentDevelopment
Borderless MarketingBorderless MarketingCenterCenter
R&D ClusterR&D Cluster
FIRST WAVE MSC FLAGSHIP APPLICATIONSFIRST WAVE MSC FLAGSHIP APPLICATIONS
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RESEARCH & FUNDING FOR ICTRESEARCH & FUNDING FOR ICT
MSC Development Grant SchemeMSC Development Grant SchemeDemonstrator Application Grant scheme (DAGS)Demonstrator Application Grant scheme (DAGS)Industrial Research & Development Grant SchemesIndustrial Research & Development Grant SchemesMalaysia-MIT Biotechnology Partnership ProgrammeMalaysia-MIT Biotechnology Partnership ProgrammeTechnology Development for SMI Technology Development for SMI Technology Acquisition Fund (TAF)Technology Acquisition Fund (TAF)S&T Infrastructure and Development and S&T Infrastructure and Development and Commercialization of Research and DevelopmentCommercialization of Research and DevelopmentIntensification of Research in Priority Areas (IRPA)Intensification of Research in Priority Areas (IRPA)
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ICT ROLES, OPTIONS, OBJECTIVES FOR DEVELOPMENTICT ROLES, OPTIONS, OBJECTIVES FOR DEVELOPMENT
Networking, empowering
Networking, empowering
ICT Infrastructure for networking and service delivery
ICT Infrastructure for networking and service delivery
REDUCING POVERTY
–ICT-Empowered Public Services (health,
education, & other public services)– ICT Enabled Governance (public
accountability, social learning and public
participation)–ICT Enabled Employment Opportunities
REDUCING POVERTY
–ICT-Empowered Public Services (health,
education, & other public services)– ICT Enabled Governance (public
accountability, social learning and public
participation)–ICT Enabled Employment Opportunities
Information and Knowledge Delivery
Information and Knowledge Delivery
Accelerating transactions & reducing costs
Accelerating transactions & reducing costs
ICT/Knowledge/Multimedia Industries
ICT/Knowledge/Multimedia Industries
ICT Effective Data Capture, Processing and Communication
ICT Effective Data Capture, Processing and Communication
ACCELERATING GROWTH
– ICT Service/Production Industries
– ICT Enabled Business and Industry
ICT RolesICT Roles ICT InterventionOptions
ICT InterventionOptions
Objectives of e-Development
Objectives of e-Development
RECOGNISE INTERVENE DEVELOP GROW
SynergiesSynergies
DIG
ITA
L
MU
LT
IPL
IER
EF
FE
CT
S
ENHANCING PRODUCTIVITYAND COMPETITIVENESS
– ICT-Business Process
Reengineering– ICT Enabled Manufacturing and
Marketing
ENHANCING PRODUCTIVITYAND COMPETITIVENESS
– ICT-Business Process
Reengineering– ICT Enabled Manufacturing and
Marketing
ICT
Fri
end
ly E
nvi
ron
men
t
ICT
Em
po
wer
men
t
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THE STATUS QUO IN KENYATHE STATUS QUO IN KENYA
Lack of a single vision that harmonizes the efforts of Lack of a single vision that harmonizes the efforts of public and private sector and communities;public and private sector and communities;
Some of the key issues have been poorly addressed, Some of the key issues have been poorly addressed, namely;namely;– infrastructure development,infrastructure development,– human resource capacity building andhuman resource capacity building and– dealing with the digital divide.dealing with the digital divide.
Insufficient consideration as to how ICT initiatives will Insufficient consideration as to how ICT initiatives will be fundedbe funded
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LESSONS FOR KENYALESSONS FOR KENYARoles of GovernmentRoles of Government
PRODUCERS OF ICTPRODUCERS OF ICT– through the development and deployment of ICT goods and services through the development and deployment of ICT goods and services
and ICT infrastructureand ICT infrastructure
FACILITATORS OF ICTFACILITATORS OF ICT– through the creation of an enabling environment, including a conducive through the creation of an enabling environment, including a conducive
macroeconomic environment; a fiscal, legal and regulatory framework; macroeconomic environment; a fiscal, legal and regulatory framework; and education policiesand education policies
LEADERS OF ICTLEADERS OF ICT– by implementing e-government (i.e. becoming users of ICT),by implementing e-government (i.e. becoming users of ICT),– addressing digital divides in the country, andaddressing digital divides in the country, and– making ICT a national priority (e.g. through projects)making ICT a national priority (e.g. through projects)
Wednesday 24 March 2004Wednesday 24 March 2004
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LESSONS FOR KENYALESSONS FOR KENYACritical Success FactorsCritical Success Factors
Strong Political and Administrative Strong Political and Administrative LeadershipLeadership
Detailed Project Management with clearly Detailed Project Management with clearly identified goals and benefitsidentified goals and benefits
Business Process Reengineering RequiredBusiness Process Reengineering Required
Focused Change Management Initiatives Focused Change Management Initiatives
Adopt established standards and protocolsAdopt established standards and protocols
Training Expenses should not be minimizedTraining Expenses should not be minimized
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LESSONS FOR KENYALESSONS FOR KENYA
The Vision and Mission with regard to ICTs The Vision and Mission with regard to ICTs must be in placemust be in placeEnabling ICT Infrastructure and Infostructure Enabling ICT Infrastructure and Infostructure must be developedmust be developedHuman resources to support ICT development Human resources to support ICT development and application must be nurturedand application must be nurturedAn enabling legal and funding frameworkAn enabling legal and funding frameworkProactive measures to deal with issues of the Proactive measures to deal with issues of the digital dividedigital divide
Wednesday 24 March 2004Wednesday 24 March 2004
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THE WAY FORWARD FOR KENYATHE WAY FORWARD FOR KENYA
What does Kenya want to do with ICTs?What does Kenya want to do with ICTs?– Vision and MissionVision and Mission– Priority areasPriority areas
What institutional structures must it have in place?What institutional structures must it have in place?– Main partners and stakeholders Main partners and stakeholders – Implementation strategy and processImplementation strategy and process– Organisation and coordinationOrganisation and coordination
How does it fund ICT development?How does it fund ICT development?
How does it deal with shocks from ICT application? How does it deal with shocks from ICT application?
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““The greatest danger for most of The greatest danger for most of us is not that our aim is too us is not that our aim is too
high and we miss it, but that it high and we miss it, but that it is too low and we reach it”is too low and we reach it”
MichelangeloMichelangelo
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Aligula, EM and Getao, Katherine
REFERENCESREFERENCES
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