Main Idea New machines and factories changed the way people
lived and worked in the late 1700s and early 1800s. Why is it
important? We are still developing new technologies today.
Slide 4
Cotton Gin Eli Whitney 1793 Interchangeable Parts Eli Whitney
1801 Steam Boat Robert Fulton 1807 Steel Plow John Deere 1836
Telegraph Samuel F.B. Morse 1837
Slide 5
A time when factory machines replaced hand tools and
manufacturing goods replaced farming as the main source of work.
Began in Europe in the late 1700s and caught on in America in the
early - mid 1800s. Changed almost everything about how we got our
basic needs met (food, clothes, shelter, transportation, etc.)
Technological advances increased profits and productivity.
Slide 6
During the War of 1812 the United States began manufacturing on
a much larger scale than before. Trade with other nations was
blocked Americans began to make their own goods and soon got very
experienced at it. A vast supply of natural resources and land
brought immigrants to the United States who could be used to work
in factories. Many new technologies and inventions were created
that helped production both on the farm and in the city.
Slide 7
Improvements in transportation and manufacturing led many
people to move to cities (urbanization) Cities became the home to
many factories where goods were produced in mass quantities. This
created the beginnings of our Industrial Revolution which brought
RAPID industrialization and urbanization to the United States.
Slide 8
North: Industrial Economy (manufacturing & trade) Factories
started in New England because rivers were used to generate power
for factories and to ship goods. Steam engines eventually
eliminated the need for water for power and factories began to move
to other places. Large population movement to the North for jobs
and a better way of life. Produced textiles (cloth) as a major
source of revenue (money). Supports high tariffs so that goods made
in the United States will be chosen over goods from other
nations.
Slide 9
This system brought many workers and machines together under
one roof to produce a good. The invention of interchangeable parts
and machine tools allowed workers to be very unskilled and
untrained. Lowell Mills Henry Cabot Lowell created factories that
spun raw cotton into yarn and made it into cloth. Employed farm
girls during their teenage years. They lived in boarding houses
near the factory and were held to strict behavioral and performance
requirements. At first the pay and conditions were decent but as
the factory started losing profits wages and conditions
declined.
Slide 10
Workers in other Northern factories were usually women and
children who were not paid very much for their labor and had very
few rights. Children were used because they were cheaper than
adults and were small enough to fit inside the machines if
something needed to be fixed or got stuck. Many children were
injured or maimed this way. If a worker (adult or child) got sick
or hurt they were simply fired. There were no unemployment
benefits, workmans compensation plans, or insurance. Workers were
not allowed to join unions to protect their rights. If they tried
to join unions they were fired and then put on a black-list so they
could not be hired at other jobs either. Some workers were made to
sign contracts promising they would not try and join a union.
Slide 11
South: Agricultural Economy Became an economy based on cash
crops and plantations (usually cotton) that relied heavily on slave
labor to be profitable. Opposed high tariffs because their cotton
was still worth the same amount of money in trade with other
nations yet they had to pay higher prices for the goods they got in
exchange.
Slide 12
To help transport goods and people the US started building
long-distance roads and Canals. The Erie Canal was built between
Buffalo, NY and New York, NY This benefited commerce (business) by
allowing people and goods to move from East to West MUCH faster.
Trade stimulated by the canal helped New York City become the
largest city in the US.
Slide 13
The Erie Canal was built between Buffalo, New York and New
York, New York.
Slide 14
InventorInvention Effect on society/industry Eli Whitney
Interchangeable parts Contributed to the growth of mass production
in the United States by making production MUCH easier and faster
and much more reliable. Eli WhitneyCotton GinAllowed MUCH more
cotton to be cleaned and processed a day and increased clothing
production. Made cotton farming MUCH more profitable. Expanded the
use of slaves in the south for cheap farm labor. Samuel F.B. Morse
TelegraphImproved communication Allowed people to track news and
movements of friends and family. Allowed businesses to track orders
and shipments of goods. Robert FultonSteam Boat (powered by steam
engine) Allowed people and goods to travel much faster (Steam
engines would soon be used in trains as well to improve the
transportation industry even more) Samuel SlaterTextile MillsMass
production of cloth for making clothing and other goods. Mils
employed mostly unskilled workers (women and children).
Slide 15
InventorInventionEffect on society/industry James Hargreaves
Spinning JennySpun thread into cloth for mass production of
clothing, etc. Elias HoweSewing MachineAllowed cloth to be turned
into clothes quickly and on a mass scale. Clothes could now be made
in factories for profit and purchased in stores instead of
hand-made (giving women more leisure time). John DeereSteel
PlowMade plowing much easier and allowed it to go much faster. It
was easier to make a profit at cash-cropping. McCormickMechanical
Reaper Greatly increased farm production Henry Bessemer Bessemer
Steel Process (not until mid- 1850s) Process of purifying hot iron
ore to make steel. Things that were once made out of iron (railroad
tracks, etc.) could now be made out of steel which lasts much
longer before breaking.
Slide 16
Main Idea The invention of the cotton gin and the demand for
cotton caused slavery to spread in the South. Why does it matter?
The spread of slavery caused lasting racial and sectional tensions
which not only led to the Civil War but plagued our nation for many
years.
Slide 17
Cotton was very hard to pick and clean Doing it all by hand
wasnt very profitable With the Cotton Gin, a single worker could
produce 50 lbs. of cotton each day. This soon became the fastest
growing industry in America because cotton was now worth more than
most other farm products. It caused many farmers to move further
west in order to get more land for cotton farming. It relied very
heavily on slave labor to make profits so more and more slaves were
purchased for use on plantations. Cotton robs the soil of nutrients
which will become an issue later.
Slide 18
A plantation is a large farm that raises cash crops to be sold
at market or to be traded. Crops grown on plantations are usually
cotton, rice, tobacco, etc. and are grown and tended to by slaves.
The plantation system is another way to describe how the South was
set up before the Civil War.
Slide 19
The economy in the South became based on the system of forced
labor of slaves. Without slaves the economy of the South would have
been destroyed. Plantation owners needed to use slaves for labor
because if they had to pay all the workers they needed to raise
their crops they would not have made any profit. Plantation owners
were wealthy and were at the top of society and they usually played
very important roles in their communities.
Slide 20
Use the following to create a flowchart of the plantation
system. 1.Invention of the cotton gin 2.Labor shortage in the
colonies 3.Increased cotton production 4.Growth of Slavery
Slide 21
Main Idea The War of 1812 created patriotic pride among
Americans but differences and tensions began developing between the
North and the South. Why does it matter? These tensions eventually
lead to the Civil War and the differences among the regions of our
nation are still present today!
Slide 22
Nationalism is a feeling of pride, loyalty, and protectiveness
toward your country. The War of 1812 sent a wave of nationalist
feelings through the country. President Madison presented a plan
for making the United States more self-sufficient. Where it would
prosper and grow by itself, without foreign products or goods.
Henry Clay, promoted the American System 1. Establish a protective
tariff a tax on imported good to protect U.S. businesses from
foreign competition. 2. Establish a national bank that would
promote a single currency. (Instead of a northern currency and a
southern currency.) 3. Improve the countrys transportation
system
Slide 23
As nationalist feelings spread, people slowly shifted their
loyalty away from state governments and more towards the federal
government. Democratic- Republican candidate, James Monroe, won the
1816 presidency with a large majority vote. The Federalist Party
provided little opposition to Monroe, and eventually they
disappeared. One Boston newspaper referred to the political
differences, or lack thereof, the Era of Good Feelings.
Slide 24
While nationalism was unifying the country sectionalism was
threatening to tear it apart.
Slide 25
Sectionalism is loyalty to your own region, or part, of the
nation rather than the whole nation itself. Since the increased
national unity and patriotism during the War of 1812, the North and
South had grown in 2 different directions each wanted different
things. This started causing lots of arguments and problems Each
section of the nation was trying to get their own way in the
government and each trying to make the most money.
Slide 26
Loyal to their sectionthey thought of themselves... as citizens
of their own state first, as Regions second, and as U.S. citizens
third.
Slide 27
North Wanted:South Wanted: Free LaborSlavery and some free
labor Wanted slavery abolished or limited Wanted to be able to
extend slavery Strong basis for industryRelied on agriculture
Strong federal government States Rights High TariffsLow
Tariffs
Slide 28
At different times in history, it was argued that states had
the right to nullify, or reject, a federal law that was
unconstitutional. Thomas Jefferson once said that the Union was a
league of sovereign, or self- governing, states that had the right
to limit the federal government. John C. Calhoun (well talk about
in Chapter 12) extended the doctrine to say that any state could
nullify, or make void, a federal law within its borders. For
example, he believed that the federal government had a right to
impose a tariff that favored one section of the country.
Slide 29
Missouri applied for statehood in 1817 The people of Missouri
wanted to have slavery in their new state. There were 11 states
where slavery was allowed and 11 states where it wasnt. This
sparked a HUGE debate in Congress about whether or not Missouri
should be allowed to have slavery. Either way, one side would have
more power than the other side in the Senate.
Slide 30
Angry Southerners said Congress didnt have the power to ban
slavery and each state had the right to have slaves if they wished.
They were afraid if there were more free states than slave states,
the free states would gang up on them and ban slavery all together!
Luckily Maine also wanted to become a state. Henry Clay (known as
the Great Compromiser) came up with the idea to keep the balance of
power in the Senate equal. Maine became a free state Missouri
became a slave state Slavery was outlawed north of the Missouri
Compromise Line (36 30 Missouris Southern Border)
Slide 31
Slide 32
The nation felt threatened not only by sectionalism, but by
events elsewhere in the Americas. In Latin America, several
countries had successfully fought for their independence from Spain
and Portugal. On the other side of the Atlantic Ocean, several
European monarchies planned to help Spain and Portugal regain their
colonies. U.S. leaders feared that if this happened, their own
government would be in danger. What should they do?
Slide 33
Created by President James Monroe in 1823 Was addressed to
European powers in case they planned on trying to regain control of
former colonies in Latin America. Stated that the United States
DEMANDED that Europe stay out of the affairs of Latin America (no
colonization). Monroe declared that any attempt to re-colonize
would be seen as dangerous to our peace and safety We (the United
States) wanted to be the big influence in Latin America and didnt
want any other nations crowding in on us. This showed that the US
saw itself as a world power!
Slide 34
Slide 35
For decades, the United States lacked the military power to
enforce the Monroe Doctrine and depended on the British navy to
keep other European powers out of Latin America. Why, then, did the
United States proclaim the Monroe Doctrine? Think about what the
doctrine shows about the values and wishes of the U.S. and what it
shows about how the country saw itself/wanted to be seen. Do you
feel that President Monroe pursued the best foreign policy option
with the Monroe Doctrine?