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Narration TechniquesNarration Techniques
forforClass XII Year Class XII Year
by by
Lecturer Saima MustafaLecturer Saima Mustafa
Eng. Dept. DCW Ph VIIIEng. Dept. DCW Ph VIII
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Learning TensesLearning Tenses
Present Past an! "uture tenses are !iscusse!.Present Past an! "uture tenses are !iscusse!.
Verb f#rmat in each tense is analy$e!.Verb f#rmat in each tense is analy$e!.
Stu!ents c#ntribute thr#ugh !ebate.Stu!ents c#ntribute thr#ugh !ebate.
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DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECHDIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH
Direct speech is that f#rm #f narrati#n in %hich the actualDirect speech is that f#rm #f narrati#n in %hich the actual%#r!s #f a spea&er are rep#rte!.%#r!s #f a spea&er are rep#rte!.
She says 'I am %#r&ing in the &itchen.(She says 'I am %#r&ing in the &itchen.(
)ep#rting Speech******* )ep#rte! Speech)ep#rting Speech******* )ep#rte! Speech
In!irect Speech is that f#rm #f speech in %hich %hat #neIn!irect Speech is that f#rm #f speech in %hich %hat #nespea&er says is rep#rte! by an#ther %ith utm#st accuracy butspea&er says is rep#rte! by an#ther %ith utm#st accuracy but%ith#ut using that pers#n+s actual %#r!s.%ith#ut using that pers#n+s actual %#r!s.
)ules apply acc#r!ing t# the tense #f the)ules apply acc#r!ing t# the tense #f the
)ep#rting speech.)ep#rting speech.
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Narration RulesNarration Rules
Changing from Direct into IndirectChanging from Direct into Indirect
SpeechSpeech
Eliminati#n #f in,erte! c#mmas.Eliminati#n #f in,erte! c#mmas.
Change #f pr#n#uns.Change #f pr#n#uns. Certain %#r!s that change %hen c#n,erte! int#Certain %#r!s that change %hen c#n,erte! int#
in!irect.in!irect.
Change regar!ing -uesti#ns an! eclamati#ns.Change regar!ing -uesti#ns an! eclamati#ns.
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Rules ContdRules Contd
In the in!irect speech the c#mmas are #mitte!.In the in!irect speech the c#mmas are #mitte!.
/he c#n0uncti#n/he c#n0uncti#n that -that - ecept in certain casesecept in certain cases
li&e c#mman!s eclamati#ns an! -uesti#ns *li&e c#mman!s eclamati#ns an! -uesti#ns *
is use! t# 0#in the rep#rting speech an! theis use! t# 0#in the rep#rting speech an! the
rep#rte! speech.rep#rte! speech.
/he capital letter #f the first %#r! #f the/he capital letter #f the first %#r! #f the
rep#rte! speech is replace! by a small letter.rep#rte! speech is replace! by a small letter. /he pr#n#uns in the rep#rte! speech are t# be/he pr#n#uns in the rep#rte! speech are t# be
change! %hen necessary.change! %hen necessary.
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Rules ContdRules Contd
/he tense #f the rep#rting ,erb is ne,er/he tense #f the rep#rting ,erb is ne,er
change!.change!.
/he tense #f the ,erb in the rep#rte! speech/he tense #f the ,erb in the rep#rte! speechchanges t# agree %ith the tense #f the ,erb inchanges t# agree %ith the tense #f the ,erb in
the rep#rting speech t# maintain the pr#perthe rep#rting speech t# maintain the pr#per
se-uence #f tense.se-uence #f tense.
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Change of PronounsChange of Pronouns
Pr#n#uns #f the first pers#n are change! t# the pers#n #f thePr#n#uns #f the first pers#n are change! t# the pers#n #f thesub0ect #f the rep#rting speech.sub0ect #f the rep#rting speech.
"#r eample1 2e says 'I ha,e n# m#ney %ith me.("#r eample1 2e says 'I ha,e n# m#ney %ith me.(
2e says that he has n# m#ney %ith him.2e says that he has n# m#ney %ith him. Pr#n#uns #f the sec#n! pers#n are change! t# the pers#n #fPr#n#uns #f the sec#n! pers#n are change! t# the pers#n #f
the n#un3pr#n#un t# %h#m the rep#rte! speech is a!!resse!.the n#un3pr#n#un t# %h#m the rep#rte! speech is a!!resse!.
"#r eample1 Y#u sai! t# 4ain 'I %#ul! be happy t#"#r eample1 Y#u sai! t# 4ain 'I %#ul! be happy t#
%elc#me y#u in my h#use.(%elc#me y#u in my h#use.(
Y#u sai! t# 4ain that y#u %#ul! be happy t# %elc#meY#u sai! t# 4ain that y#u %#ul! be happy t# %elc#me
him in y#ur h#use.him in y#ur h#use. 5enerally the pr#n#uns #f thir! pers#n in the !irect speech5enerally the pr#n#uns #f thir! pers#n in the !irect speech
remain unchange! in the in!irect speech.remain unchange! in the in!irect speech.
"#r eample1 2e sai! ' She is a g##! pers#n.("#r eample1 2e sai! ' She is a g##! pers#n.(
2e sai! that she %as a g##! pers#n.2e sai! that she %as a g##! pers#n.
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Rules Regarding TenseRules Regarding Tense
If the ,erb #f the rep#rting speech is in theIf the ,erb #f the rep#rting speech is in the
Present #r "uture tense the tense #f thePresent #r "uture tense the tense #f the
rep#rte! speech !#es n#t change.rep#rte! speech !#es n#t change.
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ContdContd
Present3"uture In!efinite**** )emains the samePresent3"uture In!efinite**** )emains the same
Present3"uture C#nt.********* )emains the samePresent3"uture C#nt.********* )emains the same
Present3"uture Perfect******* )emains the samePresent3"uture Perfect******* )emains the same
Present3"uture Perfect C#nt.* )emains thePresent3"uture Perfect C#nt.* )emains the
samesame
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E!amplesE!amples
Direct1 2e says 'I am a p##r but h#nest man.(Direct1 2e says 'I am a p##r but h#nest man.(
In!irect1 2e says that he is a p##r but h#nestIn!irect1 2e says that he is a p##r but h#nest
man.man.
Direct1 2e %ill say ' I am a humble man an!Direct1 2e %ill say ' I am a humble man an!
!# n#t %ish t# #ffen! any#ne.(!# n#t %ish t# #ffen! any#ne.(
In!irect1 2e %ill say that he is a humble manIn!irect1 2e %ill say that he is a humble manan! !#es n#t %ish t# #ffen! any#ne.an! !#es n#t %ish t# #ffen! any#ne.
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E!amples ContdE!amples Contd
Direct1 Y#ur father %ill say 'Life %as ,eryDirect1 Y#ur father %ill say 'Life %as ,ery
har! !uring the %ar.(har! !uring the %ar.(
In!irect1 Y#ur father %ill say that life %as ,eryIn!irect1 Y#ur father %ill say that life %as ,ery
har! !uring the %ar.har! !uring the %ar.
Direct1 2e says 'D#gs %#ul! be har! t# beatDirect1 2e says 'D#gs %#ul! be har! t# beat
in faithfulness.(in faithfulness.(
In!irect1 2e says that !#gs %#ul! be har! t#In!irect1 2e says that !#gs %#ul! be har! t#
beat in faithfulness. beat in faithfulness.
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Rules Regarding Tense ContdRules Regarding Tense Contd
If the ,erb #f the rep#rting speech is in the pastIf the ,erb #f the rep#rting speech is in the past
tense the ,erbs #f the rep#rte! speech* in thetense the ,erbs #f the rep#rte! speech* in the
present tense* are change! t# past tense. present tense* are change! t# past tense.
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ContdContd
Present In!efinite is change! t# Past In!efinitePresent In!efinite is change! t# Past In!efinite
Present C#ntinu#us*******t# Past C#ntinu#usPresent C#ntinu#us*******t# Past C#ntinu#us
Present Perfect**********t# Past PerfectPresent Perfect**********t# Past Perfect
Present Perfect C#ntinu#us** t# Past PerfectPresent Perfect C#ntinu#us** t# Past Perfect
C#ntinu#usC#ntinu#us
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E!amplesE!amples
Direct1 2e sai! 'I am a sch##l teacher.(Direct1 2e sai! 'I am a sch##l teacher.( In!irect1 2e sai! that he %as a sch##l teacher.In!irect1 2e sai! that he %as a sch##l teacher. Direct1 2e sai! ' I am g#ing t# sell my shares.(Direct1 2e sai! ' I am g#ing t# sell my shares.( In!irect1 2e sai! that he %as g#ing t# sell his shares.In!irect1 2e sai! that he %as g#ing t# sell his shares.
Direct1 /he guest sai! t# his h#st 'I ha,e reallyDirect1 /he guest sai! t# his h#st 'I ha,e reallyen0#ye! my stay at y#ur h#use.(en0#ye! my stay at y#ur h#use.(
In!irect1 /he guest sai! t# his h#st that he ha! reallyIn!irect1 /he guest sai! t# his h#st that he ha! reallyen0#ye! his stay at his h#use.en0#ye! his stay at his h#use.
Direct1 /he stu!ent sai! 'I ha,e been !#ing a l#t #fDirect1 /he stu!ent sai! 'I ha,e been !#ing a l#t #fhar! %#r&.(har! %#r&.(
In!irect1 /he stu!ent sai! that he ha! been !#ing a l#tIn!irect1 /he stu!ent sai! that he ha! been !#ing a l#t#f har! %#r&.#f har! %#r&.
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Rules Regarding Tense ContdRules Regarding Tense Contd
If the ,erb #f the rep#rting speech is in theIf the ,erb #f the rep#rting speech is in the
Past tense an! the tense #f the rep#rte!Past tense an! the tense #f the rep#rte!
speech is in the "uture tense then %ill3shallspeech is in the "uture tense then %ill3shall
change t# %#ul! 6in ecepti#ns it changes t#change t# %#ul! 6in ecepti#ns it changes t#
sh#ul!7.sh#ul!7.
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E!amplesE!amples
Direct1 /he manager sai! t# me 'I %illDirect1 /he manager sai! t# me 'I %ill
pers#nally see that y#u get all y#u nee!.( pers#nally see that y#u get all y#u nee!.(
In!irect1 /he manager sai! t# me that heIn!irect1 /he manager sai! t# me that he
%#ul! pers#nally see that I g#t all I nee!e!.%#ul! pers#nally see that I g#t all I nee!e!.
Direct1 2e sai! 'I shall be c#ming bac& in aDirect1 2e sai! 'I shall be c#ming bac& in a
!ay #r t%#.(!ay #r t%#.(
In!irect1 2e sai! that he %#ul! be c#mingIn!irect1 2e sai! that he %#ul! be c#ming
bac& in a !ay #r t%#. bac& in a !ay #r t%#.
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Rules Regarding Tense ContdRules Regarding Tense Contd
If the ,erb #f the rep#rting speech is in theIf the ,erb #f the rep#rting speech is in the
Past tense an! the tense #f the rep#rte!Past tense an! the tense #f the rep#rte!
speech is als# in the Past tense then f#ll#%ingspeech is als# in the Past tense then f#ll#%ing
changes ta&e place1changes ta&e place1
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ContdContd
Past In!efinite changes t# Past perfectPast In!efinite changes t# Past perfect
Past C#ntinu#us*****t# Past Perfect C#ntinu#usPast C#ntinu#us*****t# Past Perfect C#ntinu#us
Past Perfect remains as Past PerfectPast Perfect remains as Past Perfect
Past Perfect C#ntinu#us remains as PastPast Perfect C#ntinu#us remains as Past
Perfect C#ntinu#usPerfect C#ntinu#us
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E!amplesE!amples
Direct1 2e sai! '8immy %as in the r##m.(Direct1 2e sai! '8immy %as in the r##m.( In!irect1 2e sai! that 8immy ha! been in the r##m.In!irect1 2e sai! that 8immy ha! been in the r##m.
Direct1 I sai! t# her 'I %as planning t# ,isit y#u.(Direct1 I sai! t# her 'I %as planning t# ,isit y#u.( In!irect1 I sai! t# her that I ha! been planning t# ,isit her.In!irect1 I sai! t# her that I ha! been planning t# ,isit her.
Direct1 2e sai! 'I ha! n#t epecte! my frien! t# reach s#Direct1 2e sai! 'I ha! n#t epecte! my frien! t# reach s#s##n.(s##n.(
In!irect1 2e sai! that he ha! n#t epecte! his frien! t# reachIn!irect1 2e sai! that he ha! n#t epecte! his frien! t# reach
s# s##n.s# s##n.
Direct1 /he nurse sai! 'I ha! been %#r&ing ,#luntarily.(Direct1 /he nurse sai! 'I ha! been %#r&ing ,#luntarily.( In!irect1 /he nurse sai! that she ha! been %#r&ing ,#luntarily.In!irect1 /he nurse sai! that she ha! been %#r&ing ,#luntarily.
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NoteNote
If the rep#rte! speech epresses a uni,ersalIf the rep#rte! speech epresses a uni,ersal
truthtruth
its tense %ill n#t change.its tense %ill n#t change.
EampleEample
Direct1 2e sai! '/he %#rl! is r#un!.(Direct1 2e sai! '/he %#rl! is r#un!.(In!irect1 2e sai! that the %#rl! is r#un!.In!irect1 2e sai! that the %#rl! is r#un!.
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"uestions"uestions
a. When a -uesti#n %itha. When a -uesti#n %ith why, what, how, where,why, what, how, where,
when, etc.when, etc. is t# be change! int#is t# be change! int# in!irect speechin!irect speech
the ,erb #f the rep#rting speech is replace! bythe ,erb #f the rep#rting speech is replace! byinquired, demanded or asked,inquired, demanded or asked, an! thean! the
c#n0uncti#nc#n0uncti#n thatthat is n#t use!. /he -uesti#nis n#t use!. /he -uesti#n
changes int# a statement.changes int# a statement.
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E!amplesE!amples
Direct1 I sai! t# him 'What is y#ur netDirect1 I sai! t# him 'What is y#ur net
plan9( plan9(
In!irect1 I as&e! him %hat his net plan %as.In!irect1 I as&e! him %hat his net plan %as.
Direct1 2e sai! t# the little b#y 'Why are y#uDirect1 2e sai! t# the little b#y 'Why are y#u
crying9(crying9(
In!irect1 2e in-uire! #f the little b#y %hy heIn!irect1 2e in-uire! #f the little b#y %hy he%as crying.%as crying.
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"uestions"uestions
b. When -uesti#ns beginning %ith an auiliary b. When -uesti#ns beginning %ith an auiliary
,erb are t# be change! int# in!irect speech,erb are t# be change! int# in!irect speech
ifif #r#r whetherwhether is use! t# 0#in the rep#rtingis use! t# 0#in the rep#rting
speech an! the rep#rte! speech an! the -uesti#nspeech an! the rep#rte! speech an! the -uesti#n
is c#n,erte! int# a statement.is c#n,erte! int# a statement.
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E!amplesE!amples
Direct1 /he stranger sai! t# me ':re y#uDirect1 /he stranger sai! t# me ':re y#u
%illing t# c#ntribute t# #ur charity9(%illing t# c#ntribute t# #ur charity9(
In!irect1 /he stranger as&e! me if I %asIn!irect1 /he stranger as&e! me if I %as
%illing t# c#ntribute t# their charity.%illing t# c#ntribute t# their charity.
Direct1 2e sai! t# the teacher 'D# y#u thin&Direct1 2e sai! t# the teacher 'D# y#u thin&
my essay is g##!9(my essay is g##!9(
In!irect1 2e as&e! the teacher %hether sheIn!irect1 2e as&e! the teacher %hether she
th#ught his essay %as g##!.th#ught his essay %as g##!.
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Commands and RequestsCommands and Requests
In in!irect speech c#mman!s an! re-uests areIn in!irect speech c#mman!s an! re-uests are
intr#!uce! %ith an infiniti,e an! the rep#rtingintr#!uce! %ith an infiniti,e an! the rep#rting
,erb is replace! by,erb is replace! by told, ordered, commanded,told, ordered, commanded,
requested etc.,requested etc., acc#r!ing t# the sense #f theacc#r!ing t# the sense #f the
sentence.sentence.
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E!amplesE!amples
Direct1 2e sai! t# his ser,ant '"etch me aDirect1 2e sai! t# his ser,ant '"etch me aglass #f %ater.(glass #f %ater.(
In!irect1 2e #r!ere! his ser,ant t# fetch him aIn!irect1 2e #r!ere! his ser,ant t# fetch him a
glass #f %ater.glass #f %ater. Direct1 I sai! t# him 'Please sit !#%n.(Direct1 I sai! t# him 'Please sit !#%n.( In!irect1 I re-ueste! him t# sit !#%n.In!irect1 I re-ueste! him t# sit !#%n.
Direct1 2e sai! 'Let us g# #ut f#r a %al&.(Direct1 2e sai! 'Let us g# #ut f#r a %al&.( In!irect1 2e pr#p#se! that they sh#ul! g# #utIn!irect1 2e pr#p#se! that they sh#ul! g# #ut
f#r a %al&.f#r a %al&.
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Desires and E!clamationsDesires and E!clamations
When !esires an! eclamati#ns are change! int#When !esires an! eclamati#ns are change! int#
in!irect speech the rep#rting ,erb is replace! byin!irect speech the rep#rting ,erb is replace! by
wished, desired, exclaimed, cried, wished,wished, desired, exclaimed, cried, wished,
prayed, desired etc. prayed, desired etc. an!an! thatthat is use! as a c#n0uncti#n t#is use! as a c#n0uncti#n t#
0#in the rep#rting speech an! the rep#rte! speech. 0#in the rep#rting speech an! the rep#rte! speech.
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E!amplesE!amples
Direct1 2e sai! '2urrah; I ha,e t#ppe! again.(Direct1 2e sai! '2urrah; I ha,e t#ppe! again.( In!irect1 2e eclaime! %ith 0#y that he ha! t#ppe!In!irect1 2e eclaime! %ith 0#y that he ha! t#ppe!
again.again.
Direct1 She sai! '2#% ugly !# I l##& in this !ress;(Direct1 She sai! '2#% ugly !# I l##& in this !ress;( In!irect1 She eclaime! that she l##&e! ,ery ugly inIn!irect1 She eclaime! that she l##&e! ,ery ugly in
that !ress.that !ress. Direct1 /he #l! beggar sai! t# me 'May 5#! blessDirect1 /he #l! beggar sai! t# me 'May 5#! bless
y#u my s#n;(y#u my s#n;( In!irect1 /he #l! beggar calle! me his s#n an! praye!In!irect1 /he #l! beggar calle! me his s#n an! praye!
that 5#! might bless me.that 5#! might bless me.
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Change of #ords Denoting TimeChange of #ords Denoting Time
and Positionand Position
/he %#r!s sh#%ing nearness in time an! space/he %#r!s sh#%ing nearness in time an! space
are change! t# %#r!s sh#%ing !istance unlessare change! t# %#r!s sh#%ing !istance unless
the sense re-uires #ther%ise f#r eample inthe sense re-uires #ther%ise f#r eample in2e sai! 'I %an!ere! here an! there.(2e sai! 'I %an!ere! here an! there.(
%e cann#t replace%e cann#t replace herehere by by therethere..
Ch f # d C tdCh f # d C td
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Change of #ords ContdChange of #ords ContdIf the rep#rting ,erb is in the past tense1If the rep#rting ,erb is in the past tense1
Direct Speech In!irect SpeechDirect Speech In!irect Speech
this3these that3th#sethis3these that3th#se
here therehere there n#% thenn#% then
last <the pre,i#uslast <the pre,i#us
the=bef#re=>the=bef#re=>
net <the netnet <the net
the f#ll#%ing=the f#ll#%ing=
the =after>the =after> t#!ay that !ayt#!ay that !ay
t#night that nightt#night that night
yester!ay <the pre,i#us !ayyester!ay <the pre,i#us !ay
the !ay bef#re>the !ay bef#re>
t#m#rr#% <the net !ayt#m#rr#% <the net !ay
the f#ll#%ing !aythe f#ll#%ing !ay
the !ay after>the !ay after>
the !ay bef#re yester!ay the !ay bef#re the pre,i#us !aythe !ay bef#re yester!ay the !ay bef#re the pre,i#us !ay
the !ay after t#m#rr#% the !ay after the net !aythe !ay after t#m#rr#% the !ay after the net !ay
last night the pre,i#us nightlast night the pre,i#us night
net %ee& the f#ll#%ing %ee& net %ee& the f#ll#%ing %ee&
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Changing from Indirect to DirectChanging from Indirect to Direct
SpeechSpeech
?se say3sai! as the rep#rting ,erb instea! #f?se say3sai! as the rep#rting ,erb instea! #fsai!3t#l!3state!.sai!3t#l!3state!.
If the rep#rting ,erb is in the past tense ma&eIf the rep#rting ,erb is in the past tense ma&e
the re-uisite change #f tense in the !irectthe re-uisite change #f tense in the !irectspeech.speech.
Ma&e the necessary changes #f pers#n.Ma&e the necessary changes #f pers#n.
)eplace %#r!s !en#ting rem#teness by the)eplace %#r!s !en#ting rem#teness by thec#rresp#n!ing %#r!s !en#ting nearness.c#rresp#n!ing %#r!s !en#ting nearness.
Put the !irect speech %ithin in,erte! c#mmas.Put the !irect speech %ithin in,erte! c#mmas.
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E!amplesE!amples
In!irect1 She says she li&es g#ing t# the seasi!e.In!irect1 She says she li&es g#ing t# the seasi!e.
Direct1 She says 'I li&e g#ing t# the seasi!e.(Direct1 She says 'I li&e g#ing t# the seasi!e.(
In!irect1 Y#u sai! t# me that y#u ha! been rea!ing aIn!irect1 Y#u sai! t# me that y#u ha! been rea!ing a
,ery interesting b##& the pre,i#us !ay.,ery interesting b##& the pre,i#us !ay. Direct1 Y#u sai! t# me 'I %as rea!ing a ,eryDirect1 Y#u sai! t# me 'I %as rea!ing a ,ery
interesting b##& yester!ay.(interesting b##& yester!ay.(
In!irect1 /he girl as&e! her m#ther %hether she mightIn!irect1 /he girl as&e! her m#ther %hether she might%ear that !ress.%ear that !ress.
Direct1 /he girl sai! 'May I %ear this !ress m#ther9(Direct1 /he girl sai! 'May I %ear this !ress m#ther9(
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Narration PracticeNarration Practice
Stu!ents buil! the ability t# !istinguishStu!ents buil! the ability t# !istinguish
bet%een !ifferent rules. bet%een !ifferent rules.
Stu!ents learn t# ch##se c#rrect meth#! an!Stu!ents learn t# ch##se c#rrect meth#! an!
apply it.apply it.
Stu!ents impr#,e their ability t# c#me up %ithStu!ents impr#,e their ability t# c#me up %ith
c#rrect ans%ers.c#rrect ans%ers.
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ENDEND
Thank YouThank You f#r y#ur patience. @y this time thef#r y#ur patience. @y this time the
c#ncepts regar!ing Aarrati#n are pretty clear. :c#ncepts regar!ing Aarrati#n are pretty clear. :
little practice #ff an! #n is re-uire! t# ma&elittle practice #ff an! #n is re-uire! t# maðe stu!ents rea!y f#r any challenges.the stu!ents rea!y f#r any challenges.
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