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NANOPHOTONICS THE EMERGENCE OF A NEW PARADIGM:
OFFERING HIGH SPEED CLOUD SERVICES BY ENHANCING
EFFICIENCY OF ALL OPTICAL FIBER OPTICS NETWORKS
Kishori Sharan Mathur
Research Scholar, JJT University,
Jhunjhunu333001, Rajasthan, India
Abstract
Cloud computing is the highest of the highest technology. Cloud computing means shifting
form PC based applications to internet based applications. Cloud computing can take on very
efficiently on optical fiber networks and all the benefits of cloud computing can be delivered
through these networks to end users. With advancement in cloud computing there is a need to
exploit Nano photonics technology which has a promising future and have the capability to
provide high speed cloud enabled services over optical networks and devices. Nano photonics
which is the fusion of nanotechnology and photonics is likely to have a profound impact on
our economy and society, comparable to that of semiconductor technology, information
technology or cellular and molecular biology technology. Keeping the importance of Nano
photonics in picture this paper presents the advances taking place in Nano photonics
supporting high speed cloud computing services. The basics of Nano photonics and basic
building blocks of this technology are covered mainly discussing photonic crystals and
microstructure structure fibers (MOFs) or Holey fibers .The utilization of Photonic crystal
and Photonic band gap fibers in optical communication are discussed .Than some advance
Nano photonic devices like Nano photonic on chip and optical routers are discussed. Also,
latest developments in slowing down of speed of light are presented with the advantages of
such phenomenon in optical communications. Finally, cloud computing and its requirements
from all optical fiber networks is presented. In the last photonic road map for opticalcommunications is presented which highlights the future advancements in Nano photonics
which are going to take place as the cloud computing services mature.
Keywords:Nanotechnology, Nano photonics, Photonic crystals, MOFs, IaaS, PaaS, SaaS
1. INTRODUCTIONNanotechnology, which is sometimes shortened to "Nanotech", refers to a field whose theme
is the control of matter on an atomic and molecular scale.It is Intentional formation ofmaterial structures with scale dependent physical properties in the .1 to 100 nm range
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generally nanotechnology deals with structures of the size 100 nanometers or smaller, and
involves developing materials or devices within that size.
Nanotechnology is extremely diverse, ranging from Novel extensions of conventional device
physics, to completely new approaches based upon Molecular self-assembly, to developing
new materials with dimensions on the nanoscale, Even to speculation on whether we candirectly control matter on the atomic scale.
Nanotechnology has the potential to create many new materials and devices with wide-
Ranging applications, such as in medicine, electronics, and energy production. On the
otherhand, nanotechnology raises many of the same issues as with any introduction of new
Technology, including concerns about the toxicity and environmental impact of
Nanomaterials and their potential effects on global economics, as well as speculation about
various doomsday scenarios. Nanotechnology is not a driver technology but is a very rich
and sustainable emergent technology that will have significant applications in almost every
area of human endeavor.
The first use of the concepts in 'nano-technology' (but predating use of that name) was in
"There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom," a talk given by physicist Richard Feynman at an
American Physical Society meeting at Caltech on December 29, 1959. Feynman described a
Process by which the ability to manipulate individual atoms and molecules might be
Developed, using one set of precise tools to build and operate another proportionally smaller
Set, so on down to the needed scale. In the course of this, he noted, scaling issues would arise
from the changing magnitude of various physical phenomena: gravity would become less
important, surface tension and Van der Waals attraction would become more important, etc.
This basic idea appears plausible, and exponential assembly enhances it with parallelism to
produce a useful quantity of end products. The term "nanotechnology" was defined by Tokyo
Science University Professor Norio Taniguchi in a 1974 paper as follows: "'Nano-technology'mainly consists of the processing of, separation, consolidation, and deformation of materials
by one atom or by one molecule." In the 1980s the basic idea of this definition was explored
in much more depth by Dr. K. Eric Drexler, who promoted the technological significance of
nano-scale phenomena and devices Through speeches and the books Engines of Creation:
The Coming Era of Nanotechnology (1986) and Nano systems: Molecular Machinery,
Manufacturing, and Computation, and so The term acquired its current sense. Engines of
Creation: The Coming Era of Nanotechnology is considered the first book on the Topic of
nanotechnology. Nanotechnology and nanoscience got started in the early 1980s with two
major developments; the birth of cluster science and the invention of the scanning tunnelling
microscope (STM). This development led to the discovery of fullerenes in 1986 and carbon
nanotubes a few years later. In another development, the synthesis and properties ofsemiconductor Nano crystals was studied. This led to a fast increasing number of metals
Oxide nanoparticles of quantum dots. The atomic force microscope was invented six years
After the STM was invented. In 2000, the United States National Nanotechnology Initiative
Was founded to coordinate Federal nanotechnology research and development.
1.1 Fundamental concepts: size
One nanometer (nm) is one thousandth of a micron which is a thousandth of a thousandth of
a meter and billionth, or 10-9
, of a meter i.e., a thousandth of a million of a meter. That is one
billion nanometers in a meter.
Another perspective: a nanometer is about the width ofsix bonded carbon atoms, andapproximately 40,000 are needed to equal the width of an average human hair.
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Another way to visualize a nanometer:
1 inch = 25,400,000 nanometers
Red blood cells are ~7,000 nm in diameter, and ~2000 nm in height
White blood cells are ~10,000 nm in diameterA virus is ~100 nm
A hydrogen atom is .1 nm
Nanoparticles range from 1 to 100 nmFullerenes (C60 / Buckyballs) are 1 nm
Quantum Dots (of CdSe) are 8 nm
Dendrimers are ~10 nm
DNA (width) is 2 nm
Proteins range from 5 to 50 nm
Viruses range from 75 to 100 nmBacteria range from 1,000 to 10,000 nm
The comparative size of a Nanometer to a meter is the same as that of a marble to the size of
the earth. [1]
Figure 1 shows various aspects of nanotechnologies.
Figure 1 shows various aspects of nanotechnologies.
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Two main approaches are used in nanotechnology.
1. "Bottom-up" approach
2. "Top-down" approach
In the "bottom-up" approach, materials and devices are built from molecular components
Which assemble themselves chemically by principles of molecular recognition. Top-down
Approaches seek to create smaller devices by using larger ones to direct their assembly.
2. NANOPHOTONICSNanophotonics or Nano-optics is the study of the behavior oflight on the nanometerscale. It
is considered as a branch ofoptical engineering which deals with optics, or the interaction of
light with particles or substances, at deeply subwavelength length scales.The three majorapplications of nanotechnology are shown as follows in figure 2:
Figure 2
The study of Nano photonics involves two broad themes 1) studying the novel properties of
light at the nanometer scale 2) enabling highly power efficient devices for engineering
applications.
NANOTECHNOLOGY
CONTROL OF MATTER ON
NANO SCALE
NANOELECTRONICS
MOLECULAR SCALE
ELECTRONICS COMPONENT
NANOPHOTONICS LIGHT
MATTER INTERACTION AT
NANO SCALE
NANO MEDICINE
NANOTECHNOLOGY IN
MEDICINE
http://www.answers.com/topic/lighthttp://www.answers.com/topic/nanometre-1http://www.answers.com/topic/optical-engineeringhttp://www.answers.com/topic/opticshttp://www.answers.com/topic/wavelength-3http://www.answers.com/topic/wavelength-3http://www.answers.com/topic/opticshttp://www.answers.com/topic/optical-engineeringhttp://www.answers.com/topic/nanometre-1http://www.answers.com/topic/light7/29/2019 Nanophotonics for High Speed Cloud Computing
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The study has the potential to revolutionize the telecommunications industry by providing
microstructured Photonic bandgap and photonic crystal fibers and low power, high speed,
interference-free devices such as electrooptic and all-optical switches on a chip and optical
amplifiers etc. The emerging field of Nano photonics takes place when light is forced to
interact with nano structures. Bringing together the field of nanotechnology together with
optics and condensed matter physics, Nano photonics is one of the most creative areas ofresearch and will play a major role in the massive field of Nano science for years to come.
Nano photonics is also anticipated to play a supportive role to micro and Nano-electronics
and extend the telecommunication Capacity into the terabit per second. Nano photonics can
also offer high bandwidth, high speed and ultra-small optoelectronics components. This
technology has the ability to change the telecommunications, computation and sensing
industries. Nano photonics is the interface between nanotechnology and photonics with
optical materials patterned on wavelength-size scales or smaller as shown in figure 3.[4-
10,14,15]
Nano photonics technology is expected to enter the mainstream market because of attributessuch as low weight, high thermal stability, power efficiency and long working life etc., etc.
Nano photonic application applications include lighting, indicators and signs,
telecommunications, entertainments and consumer electronics. And materials include
photonic crystals, plasmonics, nanotubes, nanoribbions and quantum dots.
Figure 3
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Also, Nano photonics can be divided conceptually into three parts as shown in figure 4.
Figure 4
One way to induce interaction between light and matter on a nanometre size scale to confine
light and matter on a nanometre size scale that are much smaller than the wavelength of
light. The second approach is to confine matter to Nano scale dimensions, thereby limiting
interactions between light and matter to nanoscopic dimensions. This defines the field of
nanomaterials. The last way is Nano scale confinement of a photo process where we induce
photochemistry or a light induced phase change. This approach provides methods fornanofabrication of photonic structure and functional units. [3]
3. FOUNDATION OF NANOPHOTONICSConfinement of light results in field variations similar to the confinement of electron in a
potential well. For light, the analogue of potential well is a region of high refractive- index
bounded by a region of lower refractive-index. Figure 5 shows micro scale confinement of
Figure 5
NANO OPTICAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
NANOSCALE
CONFINEMENT
OF RADIATION
NANOSCALE CONFINMENT
OF MATTER
NANOSCALE
PHOTO PROCESS
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light and Nano scale confinement of electrons. In Quantum wells one dimension is reduced to
Nano scale while other two remain large. If two dimensions are reduced to Nano scale while
the Third one remain large than they are called Quantum wires. If all the three dimensions
reach Nano scale then they are called Quantum dots. The most Striking similarity is the
Band-Gap within the spectra of electron and Photon energies. In case of. Electron crystals
solution of Schrodingers equation in 3D periodic coulomb potential for electron crystalforbids propagation of free electrons with energies within the energy band-gap. Similarly,
diffraction of light within a photonic crystal is forbidden for a range of frequencies which
gives the concept of photonic Band-Gap. The forbidden range of frequencies depends on the
direction of light with respect to the photonic crystal lattice. However, for a sufficiently
refractive index contrast (n1\ n2), there exists a Band-Gap which is Omni-directional.[5]
Figure 6 shows the band-gaps in electronic and photonic-crystal
Figure 6
4. PHOTONIC CRYSTALS:In the last few decades, a new frontier has opened up-It is called Nano photonics. The goal in
this case is to control the optical properties of a material. An enormous range of technological
developments would become possible if we could engineer a material that responds to light
waves over a desired range of frequencies by perfectly reflecting them, or allowing them to
propagate only in certain directions, or confine them within a specified volume. What sort ofmaterial can afford us complete control over light propagation? If could be a photonic crystal.
A crystal is a periodic arrangement of atoms or molecules. The patterns with which the atoms
or molecules are repeated in space in the crystal lattice. The Crystal presents a periodic
potential to an electron propagating through it, and both the constituents of the crystal and the
geometry of the lattice dictate the conduction properties of the crystal. However, the lattice
can also prohibit the propagation of certain waves. There may be gaps in the energy band
structure of the crystal, meaning that electrons are forbidden to propagate with certain
energies in certain directions, If the lattice potential is strong enough, the gap can extend to
cover all possible propagation directions, resulting in a complete band gap-For example, a
Semiconductor has a complete band gap between the valence and conduction energy bands.
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The optical analogue is the photonic crystal, in which the atoms or molecules are replaced by
macroscopic media with differing dielectric constants, and the periodic potential is replaced
by a periodic dielectric function (or. a periodic index of refraction).If the dielectric Constants
Of the materials in the crystal is sufficiently different, and if the absorption of light by the
materials is minimal, then the refractions and reflections of light from all of the various
interfaces can produce many of the same phenomena for photons (light modes) that theatomic potential produces for electrons. One solution to the problem of optical control and
manipulation is thus a photonic crystal. It is a low loss periodic dielectric medium. In
particular, we can design and construct photonic crystals with photonic band gaps, preventing
light from propagating in certain directions with specified frequencies (i-e., a certain range of
wavelengths or colours of light).[11-13,16]
Photonics crystals can be constructed with micron dimensions for control of infrared light.
Figure 7 shows simple examples of one two and three- dimensional photonic crystals.
Figure 7: Alternating layers of two materials (blue and green) with different refractive index
(or different dielectric constants) creates one dimensional confinement at left. Adding
alternating layers in other dimensions creates a two dimensional photonic crystal (centre) anda 3-d version (right)
4.1 photonic crystal and high speed optical communications
A photonic crystal with a well-defined defect channel can be used to confine light in the
defect region and guide it. Guiding light through well controlled defect channels allows sharp
bending of light without significant optical loss. Hence it is possible to achieve very sharp
bends (90) which is not possible with a wave guide as illustrated in figure 8. Using a
photonic crystal, one can achieve zero group velocity dispersion over a broad range of
wavelengths; hence the carrier frequency for optical communications doesnt have to be
limited to 1.3 and 1.55 m resulting in availability of very large number of opticalwavelengths for dense wave length division multiplexing (DWDM) systems. The narrow
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band filtering property of a photonic crystal, together with super prism effect, as shown in
figure 9, is useful for DWDM where many optical channels of closely spaced optical
frequencies are separated over a wide angle range. Finally, a photonic crystal platform
provides an opportunity for dense integration of receiver, amplifier, transmitter, and routers
on the same chip. Thus both active and passive functions can be integrated to produce a true
photonic chip. [2]
Figure 8
Figure 9
5. MICROSTRUCTURE OPTICAL FIBERS (MOFs) OR HOLEY FIBERS:
Holey fibers are a new class of fibers having internal structure and light guiding properties
that are significantly different than conventional optical fibers. There are two methods of
guiding light within a holey fiber, depending on its structure:
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(i) Effective index guiding
This guiding mechanism relies on the fact that the holes in the fibers are smaller than the
wavelength of the light being guided. As a result, light experiences an average or effective
index in the cladding. If the cladding, which is full of holes, has a lower average refractive
index than the core, than light is guided by total internal reflection, again, just as withordinary fibers.
(ii) Photonic band gap guiding
A holey fiber can guide light even when the refractive index of the core is lower than that of
the cladding, if, for example, the core of the fiber comprises an air hole. Total internal
reflection doesnt work under these circumstances. A new mechanism Photonic band gap
guidance is responsible, which relies on the regular arrangements of the holes. The cladding
acts like a mirror ,with reflections at multiple air/ silica interfaces adding up to producingstrong reflections overall, that works in much the same way as thin film filters, or multilayer
mirrors, the difference being that thin film filters are periodic in one dimension, while fibers
are two dimensional.
A wide range of novel optical properties are possible in holey fibers because of the cladding
features are of the scale of wavelength. The basic theory of photonic band gap fibers (PCFs)
is based on Photonic crystals. Figure 10 shows various types holey fibers and their sub
categories.
F
i
g
u
r
e
10
Figure 10
5.1 Utilization of micro structure optical fibers as Nano photonic devices for optical
communications:
Micro structure optical fibers in cloud computing environment can be utilized in:
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(i) High speed ultra- long haul (ULH) backbone networks.
(ii) High bandwidth coarse wavelength multiplexed (CWDM) metro networks and
(iii) Very high bandwidth access networks like fiber to the home (FTTH) networks based
upon Ethernet passive optical networks (EPON) or gigabits passive optical networks (GPON)or broadband passive optical networks (BPON) or wavelength division multiplexed passive
optical networks (WDMPON).
For ultra-long haul high speed, high power networks, there are issues of fiber nonlinearities
which are self- phase modulation (SPM) ,cross phase modulation (XPM),Four wave mixing
(FWM) ,stimulated Brillion scattering (SBS) and stimulated Raman Scattering(SRS). These
nonlinearities represent the fundamental limiting mechanism to the amount of data that can
be transmitted on single optical fibers. One of the methods to counteract these nonlinearities
is by increasing the effective areas of the optical fiber. With photonic band gap
microstructure fibers it is possible to construct very large effective area and low loss fibers
which can carry high optical power to large distances without nonlinear interactions oroptical damage. Also, Air core fibers represents a revolutionary advance in the optical fiber
Nano technology since the theoretical predicted attenuation is less than 0.001 db/km.
Additionally, with air as core nonlinear impairments such as four wave mixing (FWM), cross
phase modulation (XPM), and stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) would no longer be
inhibitor to high speed, high channel count, high power transmission optical fiber
communications systems. In case of fiber to the home access networks where bending loss
insensitive fibers are required, Holey fibers with 10mm bending diameter are most suitable in
comparison to with 20 mm strong bend fibers or 60 mm bend SM fibers. Due to bending
insensitivity, it is possible to have space reduction in MDFs and terminal boxes. The bending
losses are as low as 0.01 to 0.07 dB/turn at 1550 nm.[17-23]
The microstructure fibers are utilized for making optical switch, Raman amplifiers, solition
generation, gratings, broad band devices, dispersion compensation, dispersion controlled
devices, high power fibers, low loss propagation, nonlinear devices, pulse compression,
WDM devices and solition lasers etc.
6. SLOW SPEED OF LIGHT TO IMPROVE OPTICAL NETWORKING:
Scientists at U C Berkeley University managed to slow down the speed of light traveling
through a semiconductor to 6 miles a second or 31,000 times slower than the 186,000 miles
per second that light normally travels in a vacuum. Slowing the light pulses could lead a moreorderly traffic flow in the networks, which in turn could lead to faster transmission of more or
longer files. Potentially, this could mean high resolution video conferencing without jitter and
it will be possible to send 600 two hours long feature films in one second. Practically, it will
become possible to send100 tera bits of information or roughly 20 billion one page e mails.
One application could lie in the elimination of the optical to electrical conversion that takes
place in fiber optic communication system. Electrical signals are much slower, creating
networks bottlenecks. By slowing down light and developing chips that can handle semi slow
light impulses, data would not have to undergo the conversion process. There is a possibility
that slow speed of light will lead to significant advances in communications ten years from
now. [24, 25]
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7. SOME MORE FUTURE NANO PHOTONIC DEVICES FOR CLOUD ENABLE
OPTICAL NETWORKS
(i) On chip nano photonic
To cater for cloud computing requirements Nano photonics is going to play a major role inthe future by providing Nano photonics devices for cloud enabled optical networks. One
example of photonic integrated circuit is JDSUs integrated laser Mach Zehnder device. This
allows higher performance & more cost effective solution that support faster network speeds.
Tuneable lasers are key elements required for deployment of agile optical networks (AON).
Such networks are cloud enabled networks deployed by service providers to scale
infrastructures and replace slow, manual operations with simplified, dynamic network
solutions that can quickly respond to fluctuating traffic traveling over fiber optic networks as
demanded by cloud computing environment. The chip includes a widely tuneable laser and
Mach Zehnder modulator on a single chip that is small enough to fit on the tip of a finger as
shown in the figure 11. [27]This combination can support transmission speeds greater than
11.3 Gbit/s and is scalable to support 40 Gbit/s
Figure 11: example of a photonic integerated circuit
On March 3, 2010, IBM has announced that they have replaced electrical signals on a chip
with tiny silicon circuits that communicate using pulses of light. The outcome is the
development of ultra-high speed, ultra-low power avalanche photo detector. Its the worlds
fastest device capable of receiving optical information signals at 40 Gbps while simultaneous
multiply them ten folds as shown in figure 12.[29] The device just operates with 1.5 volt
supply only.
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Figure 12
(ii) All optical routers
Cloud Computing and all IP based services like IPTV, VOIP and HDTV are causing
internet traffic to double every year. Electronic core routers have deficiencies since they are
slow and consume considerable space/electrical power which these systems require and large
quantity of heat they generate. One example is routing system with 40 Gbit/s line cards and a
640 Gbit/s of switching capacity per chassis. The system occupies 213x60x91cm3, consumes
10.92 KW of power and weight 723 Kg. On the other hand optical routers (photonic routers)
have advantage of low power consumption. Smaller device foot print, ultra high speed serial
operation and data format transparency, this design is based on the optical routing of high
speed data electronic processing of low rate optical labels therefore also referred as optically
switched routers. Such router require Nano photonic devices like integrated optical switches,
all optical random access memories capable of storing and retrieving the label values and
integrated array waveguide gratings (AWG) and optical logic gates capable of high speed
processing.[28]
8. ROLE OF NANO PHOTONICS IN OFFERING HIGH SPEED CLOUD SERVICES
BY ENHANCING THE EFFICIENCY OF OPTICAL FIBER NETWORKS:
Cloud computing can be defined as a new style of computing in which dynamically, scalable
and often virtualized resources are provided as a service over the internet. Cloud computing
is a flexible, cost effective and proven delivery platform for providing business or consumer
IT services over the internet. Cloud services can be rapidly deployed and easily scaled with
all processes, applications and services provisioned on demand regardless of user location
or device. With the cloud computing technology users use a variety of devices, including
PCs, Laptops, Smart phones, and PDAs to access programs, storage and application
development platform over the internet, via services offered by cloud computing providers.
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Advantages of cloud computing technology include cost savings, high availability and easy
scalability.
Cloud computing can be viewed as a collection of services which can be presented as a
layered cloud computing architecture. The services offered through cloud computing usually
include IT services referred as SaaS (Software as a service).In this service, SaaS allow usersto run applications remotely from the cloud. Infrastructure as a service, (IaaS) refers to
Computing resources as a service, this include virtualized computers with guaranteed
processing power and reserved bandwidth for storage and internet access. Networking is also
the part of IaaS. Platform as a service (PaaS) is similar to IaaS, but also includes operating
systems and required services for a particular application. The three layers of cloud
computing are illustrated in figure 13.
Figure 13
As a result, cloud computing gives organizations the opportunity to increase their service
delivery, efficiency, streamlining IT management and better align IT services with dynamic
business requirements. These cloud services can be delivered in three principle ways
(i) Public cloud
(ii) Private cloud
(iii) Hybrid cloud
Public cloud is available to anyone with internet access whereas private clouds are owned and
used by single organization. In hybrid clouds organization provides cloud services and
manages some supporting resources in house and has others provided externally. These cloud
services have following major requirements from optical networks:
(i) High availability for mission critical applications
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(ii) High performance and scalability
(iii) Unified computing system
New architecture to unite network, computing, storage ,access and virtualization
(iv) Lower cost
(v) Fewer servers, switches, adapters, cables etc.
(vi) Low latency
To cater for the above mentioned requirements of cloud computing optical networks must
have following attributes:
(i) Very high speed
(ii) Very high bit rate/ Very high Transmission bandwidth systems
(iii) Dynamic
(iv) Scalable
(v) Reconfigurable
(vi) Flexible
(vii) Shared
(viii) Less costly
(ix) Low Power consumption
(x) Low latency
(xi) Fast switching and routing of traffic
(xii) High network throughput
(xiii) Optimum resource utilization
(xiv) Guaranteed quality of service
(xv) Networking features
To cater for above mentioned requirements in optical networks, there is a need to exploit the
cutting edge Nano photonic technologies such as Photonic crystals, Nano particles, surface
plasmonics, Quantum dots, Photonic crystal fibers (PCFs), integrated optics technology etc.
These technologies have already demonstrated various device performances surpassing thoseof conventional photonic devices based on ordinary materials. Most of these technologies are
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enabling ultra-small photonic devices that can be densely integrated in a chip and consume a
very small amount of energy per bit operation. These devices holds the promise to introduce
large scale photonics into a chip, such as MPU (micro processing unit), there by having an
impact on future telecommunications networks. For integrated optical devices Nano
photonics goes well beyond the diffraction limit of light hence it is possible to perform
optical packet or label recoginazation and manufacture compact size integrated opticalcomponents similarly on the lines of integrated circuits.
9. COLCLUSION
Photonic technologies have already revolutionized communications and have the potential to
do the same for the field of cloud computing applications. One of the most exciting
applications of Nano photonics is in to transport quantum bits and teleport quantum
information over optical fibers. To do this, two new Nano photonics devices are needed:
Single photon sources and low loss optical fibers like Photonic band gap fibers(PCFs) whose
theoretical predicted loss is only 0.001 dB/km. Photonic crystal and photonic crystal fibershave infinite usages in optical communications for very efficient optical networking. Also, on
chip photonic integrated circuits will going to revolutionized optical communications in near
future. Also , control of light i.e., slow speed of light will result in efficient switches, routers
and improved optical networking by exploiting the optical fiber bandwidth which is about
200 THz (Theoretical Bandwidth).[14,24-26]. Also Nano photonics devices will open up a
new era in the field of optical networking by providing cloud enabled all optical components
based on photonic crystal, micro structure optical fibers and all optical integrated optics
devices. Finally, Photonic technology road map (Figure 14) shows that Nano photonics is
also maturing with the advances in cloud computing technology.
Figure 14 photonic technology roadmap
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