Introduction
Muscles of the pectoral girdle and upper extremity may be classified into what 5 groups? Muscles that move the:
Pectoral girdle Glenohumeral joint Elbow/forearm Wrist, hand, fingers
Intrinsic muscles of the hand
Move the Pectoral Girdle
Name: Pectoralis minor Origin: ribs 3-5 (sternal ends) Insertion: Coracoid process of scapula Action: Pulls scapula forward and down
(protracts and depresses)
Move the Pectoral Girdle
Name: Serratus anterior Origin: (External surfaces of) lateral parts of
ribs 1-8/9 (upper and middle) Insertion: Anterior vertebral border of
scapula Action: Pulls scapula forward and down
(protracts and depresses)
Move the Pectoral Girdle
Name: Levator scapulae Origin: (Posterior tubercle of) transverse
process of C1-C4 Insertion: Superior vertebral border (near
superior angle) of scapula Action: Elevates scapula. Rotates glenoid
inferiorly.
Move the Pectoral Girdle
Name: Rhomboid major Origin: Spinous process of T2-T5 Insertion: Vertebral border (from rhomboid
minor to inferior angle) of scapula Action: Adducts (retracts) and elevates
scapula. Rotates glenoid inferiorly.
Move the Pectoral Girdle
Name: Rhomboid minor Origin: Spinous process of C7-T1 Insertion: Vertebral border (just below
spine) of scapula Action: Adducts (retracts) and elevates
scapula. Rotates glenoid inferiorly.
Move the Pectoral Girdle
Name: Trapezius Origin: Medial superior nuchal line.
External occipital protuberance. Nuchal ligament. Spines of C7-T12.
Insertion: Acromial end of clavicle. Acromion. Spine of scapula.
Move the Pectoral Girdle
Name: Trapezius Action:
Superior fibers: Elevate scapula Middle fibers: Retract (adduct) scapula Inferior fibers: Depress scapula Sup and Inf: Rotate glenoid superiorly
Move the Glenohumeral joint
Name: Latissimus dorsi Origin: Spines of sacral, lumbar and lower
thoracic vertebrae (thoracolumbar fascia). Iliac crest. Lower 4 ribs.
Insertion: Intertubercular groove Action: Extends, adducts, and rotates
humerus medially. Retracts shoulder.
Move the Glenohumeral joint
Name: Pectoralis major Origin:
Clavicular head: Medial clavicle Sternocostal head: Anterior sternum. Superior
6 costal cartilages. Aponeurosis of external obliques.
Insertion: Crest of greater tubercle
Move the Glenohumeral joint
Name: Pectoralis major Action:
Both heads: Adduct and medially rotate humerus. Draw shoulder anteriorly and inferiorly (protract and depress)
Clavicular head: flex humerus Sternocostal head: extend humerus
Move the Glenohumeral joint
Name: Deltoid Origin: Clavicle. Acromion. Spine of
scapula. Insertion: Deltoid tuberosity Action:
Anterior: Flex and medially rotate humerus Middle: Abduct humerus Posterior: Extend and laterally rotate humerus
Move the Glenohumeral joint
Name: Coracobrachialis Origin: Coracoid process of scapula Insertion: Medial humerus (middle 1/3) Action: Flex and adduct humerus
Move the Glenohumeral joint
Name: Teres major Origin: Inferior angle and lateral (axillary)
border of scapula Insertion: Crest of lesser tubercle Action: Medially rotate, extend, and adduct
humerus
Move the Glenohumeral joint
Name: Subscapularis Origin: Subscapular fossa Insertion: Lesser tubercle Action: Medially rotate humerus (extend
and adduct)
Move the Glenohumeral joint
Name: Supraspinatus Origin: Supraspinous fossa Insertion: Greater tubercle Action: Abduct and laterally rotate humerus
Move the Glenohumeral joint
Name: Infraspinatus Origin: Infraspinous fossa Insertion: Greater tubercle Action: Laterally rotate humerus
Move the Glenohumeral joint
Name: Teres minor Origin: Lateral border of scapula (superior) Insertion: Greater tubercle Action: Laterally rotate humerus
Move the Elbow/Antebrachium
What 2 compartments occur in the brachium? Anterior - (Flexors) Posterior - (Extensors)
Move the Elbow/Antebrachium
Name: Biceps brachii Origin:
Short head: Coracoid process Long head: Supraglenoid tubercle
Insertion: Radial tuberosity. Bicipital aponeurosis.
Action: Flex and supinate antebrachium
Move the Elbow/Antebrachium
Name: Brachialis Origin: Distal, anterior humerus Insertion: Coronoid process (ulna) Action: Flex antebrachium
Move the Elbow/Antebrachium
Name: Brachioradialis Origin: Lateral supracondylar ridge of
humerus Insertion: Distolateral radius (styloid
process) Action: Flex antebrachium
Move the Elbow/Antebrachium
Name: Triceps brachii Origin:
Long head: Infraglenoid tubercle Lateral head: Posterior humerus superior to radial
groove Medial head: Posterior humerus inferior to radial
groove Insertion: Olecranon process of ulna Action: Extend antebrachium
Long head: steadies abducted humerus
Pronate/Supinate
Name: Pronator teres Origin: Medial epicondyle of humerus. Coronoid
process of ulna. Insertion: Lateral radius (middle) Action: Pronate antebrachium
Pronate/Supinate
Name: Pronator quadratus Origin: Distal, anterior ulna Insertion: Distal, anterior radius Action: Pronate hand
Pronate/Supinate
Name: Supinator Origin: Lateral epicondyle of humerus. Crest of
ulna. Insertion: Proximolateral radius (distal to
tuberosity) Action: Supinate antebrachium
Move the Elbow/Antebrachium
Name: Flexor group Origin: Medial epicondyle
Anterior, proximal ulna and radius, interosseus membrane
Insertion: Carpals, metacarpals, phalanges Action: Flex wrist and digits
Move the Elbow/Antebrachium
Name: Extensor group Origin: Lateral epicondyle
Posterior ulna and radius, interosseus membrane Insertion: Carpals, metacarpals, phalanges Action: Extend wrist and digits
Move the Elbow/Antebrachium
What is another name for the flexor retinaculum? Transverse carpal ligament
Move the Elbow/Antebrachium
The flexor retinaculum of the wrist and the arch of the carpals form what structure? Carpal tunnel
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Palmaris longus tendon (cut)
Common flexor synovial sheath
(a) Carpal tunnel, anterior view
Flexor retinaculum covering carpal tunnel
Flexor pollicis longus tendon
Flexor carpi radialis tendonTrapezium
Median nerve
Flexor digitorum profundus tendon
Flexor digitorum superficialis tendon
Common flexor synovial sheath
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(b) Carpal tunnel, transverse section
Carpal tunnel
Median nerve
Palmaris longus tendon
Anterior
Common flexorsynovial sheath
Flexor carpi radialis tendon
Flexor pollicis longus tendon
Flexor digitorumprofundus tendons
Flexor retinaculumcovering carpal tunnel
HamateCapitateTrapezoid
Trapezium
Posterior
Flexor digitorumsuperficialis tendons
Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand
What group of muscles forms the thick, fleshy mass at the base of the thumb and work to abduct, flex, and oppose the thumb? Thenar group
Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand
What group of muscles forms the thick, fleshy mass at the base of the 5th digit of the hand and work to abduct, flex, and oppose the 5th digit? Hypothenar group
Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand
Within the hand, what group of muscles lies between the 1st and 5th digits? Midpalmar group
Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand
Name: Lumbricals Origin: Tendons of the flexor digitorum
profundus Insertion: Extensor expansions (dorsal tendons)
on digits 2-5 Action: Flex digits at metacarpophalangeal joints
and extend at interphalangeal joints
Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand
Name: Dorsal interossei Origin: Adjacent sides of metacarpals Insertion: Extensor expansions and bases of
proximal phalanges of digits 2-4 Action: Abduct digits 2-4
(Extends interphalangeal joints)
Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand
Name: Palmar interossei Origin: Palmar surface metacarpals 2, 4, and 5 Insertion: Bases of proximal phalanges of digits
2, 4, and 5 Action: Adduct digits 2, 4, and 5
(Extends interphalangeal joints)
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