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Unit 9 and 10 - Biosphere & Human Activities (Quizzes Jan 3rd and Jan 9th)Packet DUE: January 9thLand Use - Agriculture, Urbanization, Acid Rain and Human Impact

• Land Use:

– deciding how to use land for ________________________of the economy and ecosystem

• Human Impact:

– Based off of land use decisions, this may ______________________________________________________________________in a negative or positive way

• Old Methods (Traditional)

– Summer fallows

– Spraying the fields with water

– ___________________________methods

– Salinization

Newer Methods (Sustainable)-No till Methods

-______________________ Farming-Terracing -Alley Cropping-Cover Crops-Integrated Pest Management

ProsLess time Don’t have to pay as many workers

May get _________________________ crop

ProsNatural, continually

___________________________________in the soilExtends the “life of the land”Don’t need to

___________________________________and fertilizers

ConsTypically only grow one crop (monoculture)Often uses slash and burn

ConsTakes time and

___________________________________

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_________________________________________

__________________________ (Need to farm somewhere else after a season or two)

Possible ________________________from use of chemical pesticides and fertilizers

to be proactive about problemsHard to do on a large scale

What is Urbanization?● The movement of people from ___________ areas to ______________

● Depend on resources _____________ the city

Why are big cities growing?

● Increase in___________rates

● Immigration --Poor are moving to ___________________ and away from rural areas

Effects of Cities● Heat Islands:

○ A metropolitan area that is significantly warmer than the surrounding rural areas due to human activities.

○ The enormous amount of heat is in the center of the city

○ 3º to 5º C (5º--9ºF) ________________ than the surrounding countrysides

Benefits of Urban Development Consequences of Urban Development

Better education systemMedical servicesSocial Service programs

Infectious diseasesInadequate water systemPoor sewer systemsExposure to pollution

Acid Rain Effects: Chemical Weathering of structurespH levels of rivers become more acidicIndicator species are being harmed or

Wet Dry

Refers to acid rain, fog, sleet, cloud vapor and snow.

Refers to acidic gases and particles.

Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)Nitrogen Oxides (NOx)

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In the US, about 2/3 of all SO2 and 1/4 of all NOx comes from electric power generation that relies on burning fossil fuels like coal

Definition of Biosphere:

Sp ecies: Group of organisms so similar to one another that __________________________________offspring

Population:A group of individuals that belong to the __________________ and live in the _________________

Community:All the ____________________________ that live together in a __________________

Ecosystem:Collection of all the ____________ that live in a particular place, _____________________________

Biotic Factors:The____________________________ influences on organisms within an ecosystemExamples:

Abiotic Factors:Physical or______________________________ that shape ecosystemsEx:

Biome:A group of _______________ that have the same climate and dominant _____________________

Organisms in Biomes

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Biodiversity:Term used to indicate _______________________________________________________________ on Earth

Importance of Biodiversity:

• Provides _______________________________________________________________________ needs

• It helps species ________________________________________ ___

ecological__________________________________________________________________________

Human Reduction of Biodiversity

• _______________________________________ habitats

• Hunting ________________________________to extinction

• Introducing ______________________________________________________into food webs

• Introducing_________________________________________________________ to new environment

What affects populations?

Limiting factors are__________________________________________or other factors in the

________________________________________________________________________________ that can

______________________________________________________________________ (lower biodiversity).

Examples: Competition, Disease, Abnormal weather patterns, Human activities.

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Limiting Factors

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Carrying capacity (K): __________________________________________________________________that

can be supported in a particular area __________________________________________________ the habitat

Carrying Capacity Factors:1. Limiting factors ___________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________ of a population.

2. When organisms face____________________________, they show _____________________.

3. When there are _______________________________________________________, the population

grows ___________________________________________.

OrganismProducers:

Consumers:

Herbivore:

Carnivores:

Omnivore:

Invasive Species --_____________________________________________________

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Positives Negatives

Energy Flow (Food Webs & Food Chains)Energy Flow: SUN→ Producers → Consumers → Decomposers → Nutrient Pool (Earth)

The Carbon Cycle: Carbon is constantly cycling between living organisms and the atmosphere

through:

1.2.3.

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Global Climate Change occurs ________________________, a greenhouse gas, is released into the

atmosphere than can be _____________________________.

Nitrogen Cycle: a process where bacteria convert nitrates to nitrogen gas

Ammonification:conversion of ____________________________ into ________________________

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Nitrification: soil and water oxidize _____________________________________________________and form

______________________________________________

Nitrogen Fixation:

______________________________ is converted into ___________________________________

Organisms & their Ecosystem:Trophic Levels:

1. _________________________ in the transfer of energy through an ecosystem

2. Each time energy is transferred, ________________________________________________at the next trophic level

Food Chain: A sequence in which energy is ___________________________________ as each organism eats another

Food Web:1. A group of interrelated food chains2. No one path - _______________________________________________________

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Unit 9 and 10 ActivitiesSUSTAINABLE FARMING QUESTIONS - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pjZxN3eDQ3Y

1. Describe why it is necessary to change our agricultural practices.

2. Explain two reasons why biotechnology is important for the future agricultural practices.

3. Why can pest-resistant crops be helpful towards the future to the environment?

4. Reword the definition for biofuel and determine why biofuel is more sustainable (better for the environment).

5. How does carbon emissions impact the environment and how can sustainable farming impact carbon emissions?

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URBANIZATION ACTIVITY - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fKnAJCSGSdk

1. In 3-4 sentences, discuss the importance of improvements in farming techniques to the development of cities.

2. Reliable food supplies allowed humans the luxury of free time, which provided the opportunity to produce items for trade. Describe how the production of goods contributed to the growth of cities.

3. Experts predict that global population will top out around 10 billion people, with 7 billion of those people living in cities. What are some of the opportunities and challenges that cities will face as the population increases?

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BIOMES ACTIVITY - http://www.mbgnet.net/index.html

Using the website above to complete venn diagrams for each of the groups below, write your Venn-Diagrams on a separate sheet of paper and staple to your packet.

Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4 Group 5

Tropical Rain ForestTemperate Forest

TundraTaiga

DesertGrasslands

Rivers & StreamsPonds & Lakes

Temperate OceansTropical Oceans

When completing your Venn Diagrams, be sure to use as many details as possible, such as:● Type of climate or weather● Type of organisms living in the area● Benefits of the biome● Consequences/Effects of Humans on the biome

LIMITING FACTORS ACTIVITY

OBJECTIVES:- To learn about various limiting factors that influence population dynamics - To investigate which factors affect yellow perch in Lake Winnipeg

LIMITING FACTORSAll living things need food, water, shelter and space to survive. As long as organisms have all of these things available to them their population will continue to grow. However, populations cannot grow forever. Some form of environmental resistance will stop the population’s growth. The form of environmental resistance is called a limiting factor since it limits the population. However, limiting factors may also increase a population. We will look at many different limiting factors and classify them into density independent factors and densitydependent factors.

KEY TERMS THAT WILL HELP YOU IN YOUR READING- Natural disasters: disasters caused by nature- Density: organisms per unit area- Toxic: poisonous- Tail races: area of water located behind a dam- Aquatic: taking place in or on the water- Penetrate: to enter or force a way into

- Depletion: the use or consumption of a resource- Turbid: degree of cloudiness of water- Tributaries: a stream that flows into a larger stream or other body of water- Invasive: moves in without right or permission, intrusive

YOUR TASK1. Read the notes on limiting factors; make sure you note the different factors 2. Read the scenario about Lake Winnipeg and underline all the limiting factors that affect the survival of

the yellow perch. Underline the terms you are unsure of and check for the definition in the key terms section above.

3. Answer the analysis questions below, identifying the limiting factors.

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WHAT ARE LIMITING FACTORS?

All living things need food, water, shelter and space to survive. As long as organisms have all of these things available to them their population will continue to grow. However, populations cannot grow forever. Some form of environmental resistance will stop the population’s growth. The form of environmental resistance is called a limiting factor since it limits the population. However, limiting factors may also increase a population. We will look at many different limiting factors and classify them into density independent factors and density dependent factors.

DENSITY INDEPENDENT FACTORS

Density independent factors can affect a population no matter what it’s density is. For example: natural disasters, temperature, sunlight, human activities, physical characteristics and behaviors of organisms affect any and all populations regardless of their densities.

Natural disasters such as droughts, floods, hurricanes and fires can be devastating to aquatic life. For example, a severe drought could lower the water levels of Lake Winnipeg and decrease its carrying capacity. Thus, the fish population would decrease.

Temperature influences the activity and growth of organisms. Temperature also determines which type of organisms can live in a lake. Usually, higher water temperature increases the activity in a lake. However, all aquatic species have a preferred temperature range. If temperatures vary too much out of this range the species will either die or move to a different location. Temperature also influences the chemical properties of water. The rate of chemical reactions in the water increases as temperature increases. For example, warm water holds less oxygen than cool water, so even though there is more activity in warm water there may not be enough oxygen for the activity to continue for long periods of time.

Sunlight can only penetrate to a depth of 30 meters in water. Thus most photosynthesis in aquatic environments occurs near the surface. This means that most plants cannot grow if they are at the bottom of a deep lake.

Human activities can also affect population dynamics. For instance, lake sturgeon spawn in fast water and sometimes use the “tailraces” of hydroelectric dams. However, the water level in this location often drops suddenly and the eggs die because they become exposed.

Physical characteristics of organisms can affect their population. Many organisms have adapted and evolved in order to increase their chance of survival. For example, some species of fish have colored markings to warn predators that they may be toxic. Or, some species use camouflage colors to help them hide and avoid being eaten.

Behaviors of organisms can also affect their population. For example, some species migrate to find new food sources or to mate. Some organisms create societies or feeding territories. For instance, white bass live in schools and work together to drive emerald shiners to the surface for feeding. Some species may have mating or courtship behaviors that affect their population.

DENSITY DEPENDENT FACTORS

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Density dependent factors can only affect a population when it reaches a certain density. For example, competition, predation, disease, parasitism, crowding, and stress are all factors that only affect populations with high densities.

Competition can occur between many organisms that live in the same habitat. Resources are limited in a habitat so organisms must compete for food, water, space, and shelter. For example, both northern pike and walleye prey on yellow perch and so they compete for the same food source. However, this competition is only apparent when the populations of northern pike and walleye have high densities OR the population of yellow perch has a low density.

Predation occurs when the population density of predators is high. The predators will consume their prey and increase their own population. However, the population of the prey will decrease. On the other hand, the lack of predation (when the population density of predators is low) will cause problems for the prey’s population. When there are few predators, the prey’s population increases very quickly and this can lead to the depletion of resources and increase disease.

Disease in a population increases with the density of that population. High densities makes it easier for parasites to find hosts and spread the disease.

Parasitism is a relationship in which one species benefits at the expense of the other. A parasite is an organism that lives in or on another organism (called a host) to get nourishment. While the parasite benefits from this relationship the host is harmed or killed.

Space Availibity is the amount of space available for an organism to live. Organisms require a certain amount of space in order to survive. Over-crowding can cause depletion of resources, disease and stress on the organisms.

Stress usually has a negative effect on populations. Stress can make organisms weak and more prone to disease.

SCENARIO: YELLOW PERCH IN LAKE WINNIPEG

Located 217 m above sea level, Lake Winnipeg is a shallow lake composed of two basins: a wide north basin and a narrow south basin. On average, Lake Winnipeg is only 12 meters deep and receives 517 mm of precipitation annually.

Lake Winnipeg provides a habitat for over 50 different species of fish including yellow perch, chestnut lampreys and rainbow smelt. Yellow perch prefer water that has little current. They can tolerate moderate

tubidity. Also, they prefer a temperature range of 18 to 20 degrees Celsius. If the temperature of the water varies too much above this range, yellow perch will either move to a new location or die.

Yellow perch spawn in May or early June when water temperatures are above 6 degrees Celsius. First, they migrate to tributaries and then several males attend a female while she releases her eggs. Yellow perch can grow to 302 mm in length. Their life span is approximately 9 years. If there is a

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lack of resources or too many of them (over-population), yellow perch adapt by stunting. This means that instead of starving, they simply do not grow as large as normal. Thus, they are able to live off less food.

Yellow perch feed in midwater or on the bottom of Lake Winnipeg. They eat a wide variety of invertebrates, and fish such as emerald shiners (the fish pictured at right). The eyes of yellow perch allow them to see almost 360 degrees around them. Thus, they are better able to spot their prey and evade predators.

In Lake Winnipeg, yellow perch are eaten by northern pike and walleye. They are also caught for food by commercial fishers and anglers. Chestnut lampreys are also found in Lake Winnipeg. Lampreys (pictured at

left) are parasitic fish that attach to other species of fish (such as yellow perch) to feed on their blood and tissues.

Recently, rainbow smelt have been introduced into Lake Winnipeg. Rainbow smelt are a very invasive and competitive species. They have been thought to have caused a decrease in the emerald shiner population.

Lake Winnipeg provides a home for many species of fish. However, a severe drought could disrupt this ecosystem greatly. Lake Winnipeg’s water level would drop, the temperature could change and it could become more turbid. Thus, the carrying capacity of the lake would change. But, in its current condition, Lake Winnipeg is an excellent habitat for many species of fish.

ANALYSISFrom the previous article “Yellow Perch in Lake Winnipeg”, identify and describe as many limiting factors as possible.

Each of the statements below involves a situation that will affect the growth of a population. Identify the limiting factor at work and explain why you chose the limiting factor

1. Rainbow smelt and yellow perch attempt to occupy the same area. The more aggressive smelt survive; the perch do not. Limiting factor?_________________________________________________________Explain__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. A severe flood brings a lot of sediment and silt into Lake Winnipeg. The turbidity of the lake increases greatly. Limiting factor?________________________________________________________________Explain__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. A drought decreases the water level in Lake Winnipeg. The carrying capacity of the lake decreases.Limiting factor?_______________________________________________________________________Explain__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

4. Due to the introduction of rainbow smelt, Lake Winnipeg becomes crowded and some fish species do not survive. Limiting factor?_____________________________________________________________Explain__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

5. Since northern pike prey on yellow perch, an increase in the perch population causes an increase in the pike population. Limiting factor?_________________________________________________________

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Explain__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

6. Many fish die due to an increase in water temperature. Limiting factor?__________________________Explain__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

7. Due to over-fishing, the number of walleye in Lake Winnipeg decreases. Limiting factor?_______________________________________________________________________Explain__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

8. A population is growing quickly when parasites cause disease to spread quickly. Limiting factor?_______________________________________________________________________Explain__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

9. Since lake sturgeon migrate long distances to spawn, many do not survive the trip. Limiting factor?_______________________________________________________________________Explain__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Design your own scenario that describes a limiting factor. You may use a system other than the Lake to create your scenario.

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Cycles Activity - Amoeba Sisters

1. Carbon is a very important element in biology. What are some of the reasons that organisms need carbon?’

2. Nitrogen is a very important element in biology. What are some of the reasons that organisms need nitrogen?

3. The carbon cycle is a cycle among the carbon reservoirs. What is a carbon reservoir and what are some examples?

4. Nitrogen gas is more abundant in our atmosphere than oxygen! However, nitrogen needs to be converted into different forms to be used by many organisms. Bacteria are highly involved in this! Describe the role of (A) bacteria fixing nitrogen as they live symbiotically with some plant species, (B) nitrifying bacteria, and (C) denitrifying bacteria in the nitrogen cycle

5. The flow of matter through the carbon and nitrogen cycle can be disrupted! The video clip explained an example in both the carbon and nitrogen cycle. Pick one of these and describe how this disruption could impact the cycling.

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Food Webs and Food Chains Activity

Oh, What a Tangled Web We Weave

Part A. Examining Food ChainsA. Study the food chains listed below.

plant parts → land snail → mouse → raccoon

plant parts → sparrow → hawk

plant parts → rabbit → fox

plant parts → mouse → fox

plant parts → earthworm → robin → snake

plant parts → raccoon → fox

plant parts → rabbit → snake

plant parts → cricket → robin → fox

plant parts → earthworm → snake → hawk → fox

plant parts → rabbit → hawk

plant parts → small insects → mouse → owl

plant parts → rabbit → owl → fox

plant parts → cricket → mouse → hawk

plant parts → mouse → snake → owl

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Food in an EcosystemB. Complete the table. Checkmark or “X” all the things that each animal listed on the left side eats.

Animals in a Forest Ecosystem

Living Things the Forest Animals Eat

Cricket

Earthworm

Hawk

Insects(small)

Land snail

Mouse

Owl

Plants

Rabbit

Raccoon

Robin

Snake

Sparrow

Cricket

Earthworm

Fox

Hawk

Insects (small)Land snail

Mouse

Owl

Rabbit

Raccoon

Robin

Snake

Sparrow

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Part B: Making a Food WebA. Use the information in the food chains given on pp. 1-2 to complete the diagram on the this page. Draw an arrow from each living thing below to each thing that eats it.

Arrow Between What Organisms Color

Producer and Primary Consumer Green

Primary Consumer and Secondary Consumer Blue

Secondary and Tertiary Consumer Yellow

Tertiary and Quaternary Consumer Red

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Questions:

1. In how many food chains do the following animals appear?

hawk _____ earthworm _____ fox _____

owl _____ snake _____ small insects _____

2. In how many food chains do plants (parts) appear? __________

3. List the names of the living things in this forest ecosystem that are producers.

4. List those things that are only primary consumers.

5. What is another name for an animal that is only a primary consumer?

6. List those things that are only secondary consumers

7. What is another name for an animal that is only a secondary consumer?

8. List the consumers that eat both plants and animals.

9. What is another name for an animal that eats both plants and animals?

10. What would happen to the food web if all the plants were removed? Explain your answer.

11. Describe how 3 animals might be affected if owls were removed from the food chain.

12. Which organism in this food web has the greatest influence on the ecosystem? Justify your answer.