MR. DIDOMENICOMR. FERRARO
Global History Regents Review- Unit 1
– the knowledge a people have
– the language a people speak.
– the ways in which they eat and dress.
– their religious beliefs.
– their achievements in art and music.
Human Culture
Culture is…
Technology
Improving their technology–the skills and knowledge available for collecting material and making the objects necessary for survival–early people began to create specialized tools, such as food choppers, skin scrapers, and spear points.
The use of stone tools by early people led historians to name prehistory as the Stone Age.
The Stone Age
– Paleolithic (Old Stone Age) 2.5 million B.C. – 12,000 B.C.
– Mesolithic (Middle Stone Age) 12,000 B.C. – 8000 B.C.
– Neolithic (New Stone Age) 8000 B.C. – 5000 B.C.
Three Eras
Because new agricultural methods led to tremendous changes in people’s lifestyles, this period is called the Neolithic Revolution.
During the earlier Mesolithic period, people domesticated animals, taming them for human purposes.
The Neolithic Revolution
During the Neolithic period, society made one of its greatest cultural changes–the shift to agriculture.
River Valley Civilizations3 of 14
The earliest cities uncovered so far lie in the valley between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers (c. 3500 B.C.) in present-day Iraq.
Cities also arose in the Indus River valley (c. 2500 B.C.) in India.
The first urban communities in China appeared in the Huang He valley (c. 1500 B.C.).
Nile River in Egypt- Cities rose from farming settlements in the river valley
Key terms: mummification,monarchy, dynasty, theocracy, bureaucracy, pharaoh, empire,
polytheism, hieroglyphics
Geography and Ancient Egypt
•Nile River was center of Egyptian life.
•Flooding of Nile brought fertile soil
•Irrigation, trade, travel
Geography and Sumer (Fertile Crescent, Mesopotamia)
Architecture: ziggurats- stepped temples Cuneiform: written languageCode of Hammurabi: law code based on
principle of “an eye for an eye”
Geography and Ancient India
Indus River Valley in modern day Pakistan
Remains of first planned cities
Geography and China
Dynasties ruled by emperors governed China for over 3000 years
Mandate of Heaven- the right to rule given to the dynasty by the Gods
Dynastic Cycle- rise and fall of dynasties based on the Mandate of Heaven
Ancient Hebrews
Monotheism- belief in One God
Religion of the Hebrews= Judaism
The Ten Commandments- Hebrew code of laws
•A side effect of trade was cultural diffusion, the exchange of goods and ideas when civilizations come in contact.
Cultural Diffusion
Greece and Rome
Geography
Mountainous terrain divided Greece into many small city-states called the polis.
Main city states: Athens and Sparta
Athens: Democratic
Sparta: Militaristic
Key Achievements during Golden Age
DemocracyArtArchitecturePhilosophy
TheaterHistoryMathMedicine
Art and Architecture
Loved beauty and simplicitySculpture focused on human
bodyArchitecture stressed simplicity
and order*Parthenon
Democracy in Athens
Government by the people
Pericles- greatest Athenian leader
Alexander the Great & the Hellenistic Age
Alexander built largest empire in the world
Culture blended Greek, Egyptian, Persian and Indian
Geography•Situated in the center of the Mediterranean Sea
•Mountains and foothills cover ¾ of the Italian peninsula
•Plains provide fertile soil for crops
•Alps mountains isolate peninsula to the North
Early Roman Government
Republic- indirect democracy
•government officials are elected to represent the people
2 branches
Executive
Called the Consul
Enacted and enforced laws
Legislative
Called the Senate
Made laws
The Twelve Tables
•First Roman code of laws
•Principles of equality before the law and innocence until proven guilty
Roman Law
Or “Roman Peace”
A period of stability, achievement, prosperity and peace
Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire
•Cause
•Political Instability
•Military Decline
•Economic Problems
•Outside Invaders: Huns, Visigoths,
Ostrogoths, Vandals
•Effects
•Rise of Eastern Roman or Byzantine
Empire
•Instability in Western Europe
•Emergence of Christian Church as the binding force in
Europe
•St. Paul and St. Peter spread Christianity from Middle East through Greece to Rome
•Both die as martyrs for their Christian beliefs
•Christian church establishes a hierarchy, or system of ranks
•Eastern (Greek) churches disagree with the supremacy of the Pope (the Bishop of Rome)
The Rise of Christianity
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