“Effetti dell’Ozono sulla Vegetacione”22 February, Torino
MONITORING AND RESEARCH ON OZONE EFFECTS ON VEGETATION IN SPAINWith emphasis on VegetPollOzone project
Vicent Calatayud
Ozone is the most relevant pollutant for forests
In general, there is a tendency towards an increase of background levels and climate change may produce a higher frequency of high ozone episodes
INTRODUCTION
O3
NO2
NH3
SO2
Advantages- Low cost- No power suply needed
Passive Sam plers /Spain
y = 0,9558x
R2 = 0,9095
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Passive Sam pler (ppb)
Act
ive
Mon
itor
(ppb
)
Gandia
y = 0,9416xR2 = 0,8516
0
10
20
30
40
50
0 10 20 30 40 50
Pas s ive s am ple r (ppb)
Act
ive
Mo
nito
r (p
pb
)
Be n ifaió
y = 0,8969xR2 = 0,8743
0
10
20
30
40
50
0 10 20 30 40 50
Pas ive Sam pling (ppb )
Act
ive
Mon
ito
r (p
pb
)
V allibona
y = 0,9841xR2 = 0,7037
30
40
50
60
70
30 40 50 60 70
Pas s ive Sam ple r (ppb)
Act
ive
Mon
itor
(pp
b)
A
B
C D
Calibration against monitors
A
B C
PASSIVE SAMPLERS
<30 ppb
60-75 ppb75-90 ppb
30-45 ppb45-60 ppb
>=90 ppb
Year 2002April-SeptemberMean conc.
REDES
<30 ppb
60-75 ppb75-90 ppb
30-45 ppb45-60 ppb
>=90 ppb
Year 2003April-SeptemberMean conc.
REDES
<30 ppb
60-75 ppb75-90 ppb
30-45 ppb45-60 ppb
>=90 ppb
Year 2002April-SeptemberMax 4-weeks conc.
REDES
<30 ppb
60-75 ppb75-90 ppb
30-45 ppb45-60 ppb
>=90 ppb
Year 2003April-SeptemberMax 4-weeks conc.
REDES
y = 102.08e-2E-06x
R2 = 0.4039p<0.0001, N=91
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
350000 400000 450000 500000 550000 600000 650000
Latitude (ddmmss)
Mea
n oz
one
conc
entr
atio
n 20
00-2
004
(ppb
)
ICP-Forest NetworkPassive samplers
Spatial patterns, trends, risks....
PASSIVE SAMPLERS
OTHER NETWORKS
PASSIVE SAMPLERS
- 31 points with ozone measurements
-12 Non urban network of monitors
-22 points with passive samplers.
- Meteorological data available
- 3 of the points with passive + monitors
PASSIVE SAMPLERS
PassivePassive
MonitorPassive
MonitorPassive
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
S. J
ordi
S. J
ordi
Val
libon
a(T
.G.)
Val
libon
a(T
.G.)
Vill
ar A
rz.
Vill
ar A
rz.
Ozo
ne c
once
ntra
tions
(M
ean
Apr
il-Se
ptem
ber 2
007,
ppb
)
PASSIVE SAMPLERS
Type Plot MeanMonitor Borriana 20.93Passive Saler 25.33Passive Benifaió (Peira) 26.07Passive Guardamar 28.42Passive Benicarló 30.84Monitor T. Endomenech 32.80Passive Villar Arz. 33.57Passive S. Jordi 36.06Monitor Viver 36.20Monitor Cirat 36.48Monitor Onda 38.99Passive Muela Cortes 39.31Monitor Ontinyent 39.64Passive Vallivana 39.91Passive Relleu 40.13Passive Vallanca 40.52Monitor Penyeta 40.83Monitor Vilafranca 40.96Monitor Sorita 41.03Passive Agost 42.01Passive Ayora 42.12Passive Alborache 42.18Monitor Coratxar 44.60Passive Serra Bèrnia 44.86Passive Albatera 45.86Monitor C. Fuentes 46.16Passive Montdúver 47.15Passive Mariola 49.66Passive Vallibona (T.G.) 50.84Monitor Morella 53.05Passive Bartolo 56.88
Provisional data
PASSIVE SAMPLERS
y = 0.0137x + 32.407R2 = 0.5095
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400
Altitude (m)
Mea
n O
zone
Con
c.
(Apr
il-Se
ptem
ber 2
004,
ppb
)
y = -0.8172x + 39.46R2 = 0.0019
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
-2.0 -1.5 -1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0
Longitude (Degrees)
Mea
n O
zone
Con
c.
(Apr
il-Se
ptem
ber 2
004,
ppb
)y = 0.3871x + 24.45
R2 = 0.0014
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
37 38 39 40 41 42
Latitude (Degrees)
Mea
n O
zone
Con
c.
(Apr
il-Se
ptem
ber 2
004,
ppb
)
Provisional data
INTRODUCCIÓN
PASSIVE SAMPLERS
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
701:
002:
003:
004:
005:
006:
007:
008:
009:
0010
:00
11:0
012
:00
13:0
014
:00
15:0
016
:00
17:0
018
:00
19:0
020
:00
21:0
022
:00
23:0
00:
00
UTC time (April-September 2007)
Ozo
ne c
once
ntra
tions
(ppb
)
Morella (1150 m)Sant Jordi (168 m)Borriana (53 m)
VISIBLE INJURY
Pinus halepensis
Sambucus ebulus
Fraxinus excelsior
Ulmus glabra
Vivurnum lantanaAcer campestre
Pinus halepensis
Sambucus ebulus
Fraxinus excelsior
Ulmus glabra
Vivurnum lantanaAcer campestre
Typically symptomatic species in Spain
VISIBLE INJURY
ICP-FOREST METHOD
-149 different species identified
1 Agost2 Albatera3 Ayora4 Bartolo5 Benicarló-Peníscola6 Borriana7 Caudete de las Fuentes8 Cirat9 Coratxar
10 Cortes de Pallás11 Guardamar12 Mariola13 Montduver14 Morella15 Onda16 Ontinient17 Relleu18 Sant Jordi19 Serra Bèrnia20 Sorita21 Torre en Domenech22 Tossal Gros23 Vallanca24 Vilafranca El Bovalar25 Villar del Arzobispo26 Viver27 Zarra
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
Ros
mar
inus
offic
inal
is
Thym
usvu
lgar
is
Pinu
sha
lepe
nsis
Ule
xpa
rviflo
rus
Que
rcus
cocc
ifera
Que
rcus
ilex
Bupl
euru
mfru
tices
cens
Gen
ista
scor
pius
Num
ber o
f Rec
tang
les
ICP-FOREST METHOD- Pinus halepensis present in 20 points, symptoms in 8 points
Number Plots Symptomatic PercentageCirat 14 4 29Cortes de Pallás 3 2 67Ontinient 12 4 33Sant Jordi 11 2 18Serra Bèrnia 6 2 33Torre en Domenech 13 2 15Vallanca 11 1 9Villar del Arzobispo 4 4 100
ICP-FOREST METHOD
- Crataegus monogyna, symptoms in 1 point, Coratxar
TRANSECTS
TRANSECTS
• Symptoms in Mediterranean sclerophylous vegetation are rare.
• This is due to limited ozone uptake of the plants under dry conditions (avoidance), but also to detoxification adapted to different types of stresses.
• In this context ozone fluxes provides a better approach to explain plant responses than ozone exposures, and detoxification capacity of the species becomes a key issue.
REDES
VEGETPOLLOZONE
Bean (Garrofó variety)
Font Roja Nursery
A- Field B- Field
C- Open Top Chambers D- Open Top Chambers
E- Microscopy F- Microscopy
Figure 5. Confirmation of ozone induced visible injury in Prunus spinosa A)Font Roja Nursery: ozone injury in August, note the age efefct. B) Font Roja Nursery: detail of ozone injury in August. C) Ozone injury induced in Open Top Chambers in Valencia. D) Ozone injury induced in Open Top Chambers in Valencia, note the age effect. E and F) Field samples collected in August 2006 in Font Roja Nursery, observed by microscopy; note that alterations do not occur in the epidermis, but are affecting the palisade parenchyma (collapsed cells), a main target of ozone.
VEGETPOLLOZONE
Bunyol Nursery
A- Field B- Field
C- Open Top Chambers
D- Open Top Chambers
E- Microscopy
F- Microscopy
Figure 3. Confirmation of ozone induced visible injury in Viburnum lantana A) Bunyol Nursery: ozone injury in August. B) Bunyol Nursery: ozone injury in August; shade effect. C) Ozone injury induced in Open Top Chambers in Valencia. D) Incipient ozone injury induced in Open Top Chambers in Valencia. E and F) Field samples collected in August 2006 in Bunyol Nursery, observed by microscopy; note that alterations do not occur in the epidermis, but are affecting the palisade parenchyma (collapsed cells), a main target of ozone.
TRANSECTS
Bean (Garrofó variety)
Watermelon (Benifaió)
Potato
TRANSECTS
Prunus spp.
PO3PLAR
Altitudinal and ozone gradient
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Apr
il-1
Apr
il-2
May
-1
May
-2
May
-3
June
-1
June
-2
July
-1
July
-2
Aug
ust-1
Aug
ust-2
Sep
tem
ber-1
Sep
tem
ber-2
2-W
eek
Ozo
ne C
once
ntra
tions
(ppb
)
BenicarlóVallivanaMorella
Benicarló (30 m)
Vallivana (700 m)
Morella (1156 m)
PO3PLAR
- Clones: Lattecaldo (Switzerland) and Holland- 6 plants per clone and site
PO3PLAR
ITCs in Benifaió (Valencia)
OPEN TOP CHAMBERS
VISIBLE INJURY
3. Compare with field
MICROSCOPIA
TZ
EIEI
P P
P
Less chlorophyll content and callose accumulation in O3+Callose represents a non specific
defense mechanisms against fungi, wounding, insects... and ozone!
Lamotea dianae
MICROSCOPY
MICROSCOPY
AdE PP
C
TZ
IS
PP
IS
ACl
ACl
PWPW
PP
IS
ACl
ACl
PWPW
PP
IS
ACl
ACl
PWPW
PP
IS
ACl
ACl
PWPW
MICROSCOPY
SENESCENCE
Not visible effects:Difficult to assess in the field:Effects on growth and accelerates senescenceExample: Hibiscus syriacus
aa
b*
a
0
1020
30
40
5060
70
8090
100
Upper half of the plant Lower half of the plant
Num
ber o
f lea
ves
CF
NF+30
*(*)*
0123456789
1011121314
21 30 36 42 48 57 64 71 78 84
Days After Starting Fumigation
Num
ber o
f Flo
wer
s pe
r Pla
ntCFNF+30
EFFECTS REPRODUCTION
Lamotea dianaeLess flowers per plant
20µm
PG
ET
E
20µm
ET
E
PG
a
a
aa
b
b
0102030405060708090
100
Class 1 [<22 µm]
Class 1 [22-29 µm]
Class 1 [>=30 µm]
Per
cent
age
of c
lass
es (%
)
CFNF+30
Lamotea dianaeLess and more altered pollen
EFFECTS REPRODUCTION
MEDITERRANEAN SPECS.CORIACEOUS LEAVES
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
17/5
31/5
14/6
28/6
12/7
26/7 9/8
23/8 6/9
20/9
Fecha
Indi
ce D
año
A. opalusA. campestre A. pseudoplatanusA. monspessulanum
MEDITERRANEAN SPECS.EVERGREEN-DECIDUOUS
P. lentiscus
0102030405060708090
100
May June July August
Leaf
Inju
ry (%
sur
face
affe
cted
)
CFNF+30
P. terebinthus
0102030405060708090
100
May June July August
Leaf
Inju
ry (%
sur
face
affe
cted
)
CFNF+30
V. lantana
0102030405060708090
100
May June July August
Leaf
Inju
ry (%
sur
face
affe
cted
)
CFNF+30
V. tinus
0102030405060708090
100
May June July August
Leaf
Inju
ry (%
sur
face
affe
cted
)
CFNF+30
Evergreen
Deciduous
VISIBLE INJURY
0
5
10
15
20
25
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160Days since staring of fumigation
year 2006
Inju
ry In
dex
Quercus fagineaQuercus ilexQuercus roburQuercus pyrenaica
0
5
10
15
20
25
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160Days since starting of fumigation
year 2007
Inju
ri In
dex
Quercus faginea
Quercus ilex
Quercus robur
Quercus pyrenaica
INTERACTIONS
How ozone interacts with pathogens?Malva sylvestris and Puccinia malvacearum
*
*
***
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
0 7 14 21 28 35 42 48 55 63
Days after starting of fumigation
Rust
Infe
stat
ion
Inde
x (a
.u.)
CFNF+30
THANKS
We acknowledge people from Conselleria de Medi Ambient de la Comunitat Valenciana, especially Pilar Ara, Eduardo Perez Laorga, Hugo and the people from the Regional Forest Service that helped us with the passive samplers.
VegetPollOzone project
1. Passive sampler measurements- Gain knowledge on the ozone levels of the Valencian Community - Increase spatial cover of monitors
SCOPE
2. Assessment of visible injury: three approaches2.1. ICP-Forests methodology (random selection of plots)2.2. Transects, observation of visible injury both on wild plants and crops2.3. Bioindicators: poplar
3. Experimental approach: OTC experiments - 3.1. Gain knowledge on the ozone sensitivity of different types of plants (e.g. deciduous-evergreen)- 3.2. Validation of symptoms; including microscopy.
4. Diffusion of Results and environmental awareness
1. Passive samplers: measurements- We have gained knowledge on the ozone levels of the Valencian Community - Relevant for future extension of AQMN-CV- There is a good correlation with altitude, but not with latitude or longitude.- Future: Model the ozone levels measured using meteorological and physical data (e.g. altitude)
ACHIEVEMENTS
2. Assessment of visible injury: three approaches2.1. ICP-Forests methodology (random selection of plots)
- Visible injury using a random selection is restricted to a few plots, mainly of Pinus halepensis. 2.2. Transects, observation of visible injury both on wild plants and crops
- Visible injury is widespread in some crops such as potato and, occasionally, in bean and in fruit trees.
- In native vegetation, ozone produces symptoms in a series of sensitive broadleaf species, namely Sambucus nigra or Viburnum lantana.2.3. Bioindicators:
- Lattecaldo clon is sensitive to ozone, at least under irrigated conditions, at the current ozone levels in the Valencian Community. It has a great potential for environmental awareness and allows a good comparability among plots..
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