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Moisture and Mould inBuildings
Charlotte Gudum
M. Sc. Engineering, Ph.d.
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Charlotte GudumConsulting Building Engineer M.Sc., Ph.D
1996 M. Sc. Insulation of cold pipes, using
Hygro Lock system to avoid condensation
problems.2002 Ph.D.Moisture transport by convection
inside building envelopes.
2002-2005 Consulting Engineerby Birch &
Krogboe (now Alectia), building renovation
2005-2011 Consulting Engineerby Bygge- og
Miljteknik.
2011- Consulting Engineer by Golder. Working
with moisture problems, indoor climate, PCB,
building physics....
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Facts about mould fungus
Mould exist everywhere in thenature.
>2000 different sorts of mould.
Inside the building, mould effects
the health
Some are more toxid than others,
but basicly mould must be hold on
a minimum level in buildings.
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In order to grow most mould
species require:70 % RH+
fairly warm environment >5 C40C
Time (3-4 weeks)organic material - but only
require small amounts to live on
Mould may cause health problemsalso after they are dead soconsequently remains should beremoved
Conditions for mould growth
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The moisture might be caused by:
rising damp
condensation inside a construction
built in moisture (i.e. moisture fromthe building process)
changes of constructions withoutpaying notice to the risks of
jeopardizing or changing theventilation etc.
the behaviour of the occupant, e.g.due to lack of ventilation or drying ofclothes inside the dwelling
accidents, e.g. pipe breakage or fire,
where constructions are soaked
Conditions for mould growth
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Mould and health
Irritation in the eyes, nose and lungs
Head each
Tiredness
Problems of concentration
Dizzyness
Coughing
Skin eruption
Infektion in the air ways.
Development of asthma, (especially
children).
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28-04-2015
A typical Danish apartment built in 1970
with a leaky pipe or two.
Kilde: Peter Thompson, Bygge- og Miljteknik
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Mould under the floor after a leak.
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Side 8Kilde: Peter Thompson, Bygge- og Miljteknik
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Leaking roof coverings
Quite a few of the most severecases with mould growth inbuilding are caused by leakingroof coverings.
The reasons might be eitherthat the leak(s) is not seen untilthe penetrating water hascaused additional damages ormore often - thatmaintenance is neglected.
Penetration of water to theinterior of the roof will nodoubts cause considerablemould growth.
Kilde: Peter Thompson, Bygge- og Miljteknik
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Mould growth in buildings is often hidden from view
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Kilde: Peter Thompson, Bygge- og Miljteknik
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Inside insulation on a cold facade
New insulation,lowers the
temperature,
rises the
relativehumidity and
causes mould.
Side 14
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Kilde: Peter Thompson, Bygge- og Miljteknik
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Sub-cooling of surfaces inside roofs
In ventilated roof the inner side ofthe roof is quite often boards orplywood.
Radiation to the sky in clear nightsmight result in sub-cooling of the
inner surface that brings thetemperature below the dew point i.e.condensation will occur.
The condensation facilitates thegrowth of mould and especially onplywood the growth can be
considerably.
In Finland and Sweden plywood forroofs are now treated with woodpreservatives in order to avoid theproblem.
Kilde: Peter Thompson, Bygge- og Miljteknik
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Typical Danish terraced houses (120) built
in 1970and renovated wrongly in 1995...
Kilde: Peter Thompson, Bygge- og Miljteknik
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Attic became cold after increase of insulation.
28/04/2015 /Bygge- og Miljteknik
A/S
Side 17
-10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30C
0
5
10
15
20
25
100
pct.RF
10
60
50
40
70
8090
20
Gram vand per m3luft
30
Gram water/m3
air
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Not aging resistant vapour retarder
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Outside insulation on a facade
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A gym with cawl space in the middel
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The dilemma of basement/crawl space
28/04/2015Side 27
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Attention renovating crawl space!
Risk to lower the temperature and
rise the RH when
More insulation around the hot
pipes.
More insulation in the ceiling (ofthe crawl space)
Risk to rise the RH
By outdoor ventilation in summer
When closing the ventilation in
winther
28/04/2015Side 28
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Office smells of mould
Sli i i l
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Slimsvamp growing in a crawl space
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Moisture and mould control in basement
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Moisture and mould control in 1th floor
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The terrain leads water into the wall and
basement
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F il id f 2007
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Family residence from 2007
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Side 42
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Mould on the roofing near the
openings for ventilation
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Side 43
With t th i t th b i k ll
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Without eaves the rain wets the brick wall.
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Side 44
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Protect the Plasterboard from concrete
Kilde: Peter Thompson, Bygge- og Miljteknik
Moisture in the building process
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Moisture in the building process
Concrete and
brick-walls are
made with water
Drying out costs
time, -and takeslong time.
The surplus of
water migratesto other
materials
Side 46
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Exchange of moisture between materials
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Exchange of moisture between materials
Sorptionscurves
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Sorptionscurves
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P t ti f t i l it
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Protection of materials on site.
Kilde: Peter Thompson, Bygge- og Miljteknik
Factory The prefabrication process
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Factory. The prefabrication process
TK is an independent watchdog unit which monitors manufacturers of
prefabricated timber elements in Denmark.
The timber is stored indoors at the factory and moisture levels monitored
throughout the manufacturing process..
But it's not here that things go wrong..
Kilde: Peter Thompson, Bygge- og Miljteknik
Protection of buildings on site
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Protection of buildings on site
Kilde: Peter Thompson, Bygge- og Miljteknik
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Most people would not expect that brand new
buildingsunder construction now, would have
moisture and mould related problems.
The roof had to be rebuild
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The roof had to be rebuild
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Mould removal
Kilde: Peter Thompson, Bygge- og Miljteknik
Superheated steam the Micro Clean Method
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Superheated steam the Micro Clean Method
The energy exerted when the superheated
steam condensates on the treated surfacekillsthe mould
The mould is then removedfrom the surfaceby treating with a cotton cloth attachment onsteam head
The surfaces are cleaned using a vacuumcleaner with a micro filter before and aftertreatment with superheated steam
The mostly used mould-cleaning method inDenmark
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A very small
choice of themany
chemicals
available formould
remediation
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c
Sand- or iceblasting:Always incurs extra
cleaning costs
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Aftermechanical
cleaning:
Surfaces areoften treated
with the Micro
Clean method
afterwards to
remove all
mould
Example 2 Penthouse - Copenhagen
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renovation cost twice the building!
Example 2Penthouse - Copenhagen
Kilde: Peter Thompson, Bygge- og Miljteknik
How to manage moisture on the site
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How to manage moisture on the site
Vejledning om hndtering af fugt i
byggeriet
http://www.ebst.dk/file/154179/vejl
edning-fugt_i_byggeriet.pdf
http://www.ebst.dk/file/154179/vejledning-fugt_i_byggeriet.pdfhttp://www.ebst.dk/file/154179/vejledning-fugt_i_byggeriet.pdfhttp://www.ebst.dk/file/154179/vejledning-fugt_i_byggeriet.pdfhttp://www.ebst.dk/file/154179/vejledning-fugt_i_byggeriet.pdfhttp://www.ebst.dk/file/154179/vejledning-fugt_i_byggeriet.pdfhttp://www.ebst.dk/file/154179/vejledning-fugt_i_byggeriet.pdf7/25/2019 Moisture and Mould in Buildings
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