1. Modals + Present Perfect

2. The bear must have slipped on the ice. 3. The bear must have slipped on the ice. 4. Modal + Present Perfect Forms andFunctionsSubject Modal Not Have PastParticipleComplement FunctionThe bear must have slipped on the ice. Logical ConclusionThe bear must not have read the sign Logical ConclusionThe bear shouldhave walked more slowly. AdviceThe bear might have slowed down AdviceI shouldhave been more careful. RegretOthers might have laughed at him SpeculationThe sign might not have been visible. Speculation 5. Present TimePast EventcommentI NOTICEDSOMETHING 6. 7. Whathappened?Why? 7. 8.Whyishesmiling? 8. 9. Why is this kitchen SO dirty?