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Chapter 1
Introduction of Pharmaceutical Microbiology
PowerPointLecture Slide Presentation
REFERENCESREFERENCES
Tortora GJ, Funke BR, Case CL, 2007, Microbiology anIntroduction, 9th edition, Benjamin Cummings, SanFrancisco, CA 94111, USA
Madigan MT, Martinko JM, 2006, Brock Biology ofMicroorganisms, 11th edition, Pearson Education Inc., USA
Denyer SP, Hodges NA, Gorman SP, 2004, Hugo andRussells: Pharmaceutical Microbiology, 7th edition,Blackwell Science Ltd., Blackwell Publishing Company, USA
Doorne H, 2008, Seminar of Course on CurrentPharmaceutical Microbiology: Methods, Harmonizationand Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy UBAYA, Indonesia
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Microbes in Our Lives
Microorganisms are organisms that are too smallto be seen with the unaided eye
Size < 0,1 mm; bacterial cell 1 m
Germ refers to a rapidly growing cell
Microbiology revolves around 2 basic themes:
The basic science of understanding life
The application of science to human needs
Microorganisms play the central role in both humanactivities and the web of life on Earth
Maintaining balance of environment
Human:
Food, Chem., Pharmaceutical, Biotech. industries
A few are pathogenic, disease-causing
Allows humans to:
Prevent food or products spoilage
Prevent disease occurrence
Knowledge of microorganisms
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Characteristic of the cell: living system
Naming and ClassifyingMicroorganisms
1735, Linnaeus established thesystem of scientific nomenclature
Each organism has two names :
the genus and specific epithet
Describe an organism, honor ascientist or identify the habitat ofa species
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Type of Microorganisms
Bacteria
Archaea
Fungi
Protozoa
Algae
Viruses
Multicellular animal parasites
A Brief History of Microbiology
Ancestors of bacteria were the first life on Earth
The first microbes were observed in 1673
THE FIRST OBSERVATION:
1665, Robert Hooke (English): living things werecomposed of little boxes or cells.
Cell Theory. All living things are composed of cells
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The First Observations
1673-1723, Antoni vanLeeuwenhoek (Dutchmerchant)
Observed via teethscrapings, rain water, andfeces
animalcules
The First Observations
300x
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The Debate Over Spontaneous Generation
The hypothesis: spontaneous generation
A vital force forms life (air)
The alternative: biogenesis
Aristoteles (300 BC)
Evidence Pro and Con
1668, Francisco Redi (Italianphysician) filled six jars withdecaying meat.
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Evidence Pro and Con
1745, John Needham (English): Nutrient broth heated,thenpoured in the sealed flask
Microorganisms from the air probably had entered
1765, Lazzaro Spallanzani (Italian scientist): Nutrientbroth heated afterbeing sealed in the flask
Evidence Pro and Con
1861, Louis Pasteur (Frenchscientist)
Microorganisms are present inthe air and can contaminated
sterile solution; but air itself donot create microbe
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The Theory of Biogenesis
a.
b.
PASTEUR SHOWED THAT:PASTEUR SHOWED THAT:
Microorganisms can be present in the non livingmatter on solids, liquids and in the air
Microbial life can be destroyed by heat and thatmethods can be devised to block the access ofairborne microorganisms to nutrient environments.
These discoveries form the basis of aseptictechniques, which are now the standard practicein laboratory, many medical procedure and moreimportant things that a beginning microbiologistlearns
The Theory of Biogenesis
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The Golden Age of Microbiology
1857-1914, beginning with Pasteur and Robert Koch:establishment of microbiology as a science
Discoveries included
Relationship between microbes-disease, immunity,and antimicrobial drugs
Chemical activity of microorganisms, techniquesimprovement for performing microscopy andculturing microorganisms
Fermentation and Pasteurization
Fermentation: yeast convert the sugar to alcohol inthe absence of air
Bacteria use alcohol and produce acetic acid spoilwine by turning into vinegar
The application of a high heat for a short time is calledpasteurization
1876, Robert Koch (German physician): proofs that abacterium causes anthrax and provides theexperimental steps
Kochs postulates: specific microbe causes aspecific disease.
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The Germ Theory of Disease
1928, Alexander Flemingdiscovered the firstantibiotic
Penicilliumfungus madean antibiotic, penicillin,that killed S. aureus
1940, penicillin wastested clinically and massproduced
The Birth of Modern Chemotherapy
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Modern Developments in Microbiology
MICROBIOLOGY
Pharmaceutical Microbiology
PHARMACY
CLINICAL
PRODUCTS
GMP: products (sterile; non-sterile), quality
Efficacy, Safety, Stability, Acceptability
Disease; mechanisms of pathogenicity
Antimicrobial Drugs and Assay
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Pharmaceutical Microbiology
Deterioration or spoilage of the products due tomicrobial growth may results:
LOSS of consistency, organoleptic and preservativequality, package integrity, therapeutic activity
Trigger a disease depends on various factors:
Number of CFUs of the pathogen present and theproperties of particular strain (toxin)
Condition of the patient
Route of administration
Pharmaceutical Microbiology
Microbial limits of pharmaceutical preparations aregiven in relevant monographs of the leadingpharmacopoeias (FI IV, USP, EuP)
Factors related to microbiological quality:
Properly formulated products
The use of microbiologically pure raw materials The strict adherence to cGMP guidelines
Use of adequate primary packaging material
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Pharmaceutical Microbiology
Harmful effects of microorganisms in pharmacy:
May contaminate non-sterile and sterile medicinewith increase of products deterioration
May contaminate non-sterile and sterile medicinewith increase the risk of infection
Cause pyrogenic reactions (fever) when introducedinto the body even in the absence of infection
Provide the reservoir of antibiotic resistance genes
Pharmaceutical relevance to microorganisms
+Protozoa
++++
++++
FungiYeastsMoulds
+
+
++
++
++ (spores)+++
++++
BacteriaGram (-)Gram (+)MycobacteriaStreptomycetesChlamydiaRickettsia
+++Prions
+Viruses
Used in themanufactureof therapeutic
agents
Resistance tosterilizing
agents andprocesses
Resistance toantibiotics
and biocides
PathogensContaminationor spoilage ofraw material
and medicines
Type ofmicroorganism