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CC2413FundamentalPsychologyto HealthStudies
Lecturer:
Lecture 5 & 6To learn is a natural pleasure.-- Aristotle (384 BC - 322 BC)
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What is learning? Do these phenomena represent Learning?
Why or Why not?
1) Chicks follow whoever they saw first after they are born.
2) A child acquires language.
3) After 30 years of smoking, John quitted smoking after he wasdiagnosis with lung cancer.
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Lesson Plan
(A) Definitions
(B) Classical Conditioning
(C) Operant Conditioning
(D) Observational Learning
(E) Conclusion
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(A) Definitions What is learning?
Learning (
)refers to any relatively permanent(
)__________ in behaviors (overt actions
) or mental processes (thought
/feelings
) resulting from experiences (
)
Behaviorism (
) focus on observable, measurable behaviors
(without reference to unobservable mentalprocesses)
Conditioning (
)involves learning _____________ (
) between events that occurin an organisms environment (
)
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(B) Classical Conditioning 1) Basic Ideas
a process in which an originally neutralstimulus (NS -
) becomes___________________( ) with anunconditioned stimulus (UCS -
)through repeated pairing with that stimulus
primarily applied to visceral responses (ofinternal organs); involuntary reaction toenvironmental influences / stimuli
Key Person: Ivan Pavlov (
)
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(B) Pavlovs Experiment
Fig 6.1 Classical conditioning apparatus
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2) Mechanism ( 3 phases)Before conditioning
Neutral stimulus
(NS)
Unconditioned stimulus
(UCS)
No response (NR)
Unconditioned
response (UCR)
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2) Mechanism ( 3 phases)During conditioning
Neutral stimulus
(NS)
Unconditioned stimulus
(UCS)
Unconditioned
response (UCR)
(pairing)
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2) Mechanism ( 3 phases)After conditioning
Conditioned stimulus
(CS)
Conditioned response
(CR)
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(B) Classical Conditioning
3) Processes
Acquisition( )
The trials during which the CS-UCS association islearned
_______________ (
)
If CS is presented alone with no UCS repeatedly,the CR will gradually diminished
___________________________ ( )
Reappearing of an extinguished responseaftera period of non-exposure to the CS
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Fig 6.6 Acquisition, extinction, and spontaneous recovery
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Conditioned emotionalresponsese.g. fear / phobia ( /
)
Little Albert feared(UCR CR) furry objectLoud sound (US) + rat (NS)
4) An Example of Classical conditioning
John Watson Little Albert 2009/10/6 CC2413_0910_S1_L5&6_Learn 14
(B) Classical Conditioning 5) Other conditioning conceptsStimulus generalization
(
((
(
)
))
)
Tendency to respond to other stimuli (e.g. tuning fork) that aresimilar to the CS (e.g. bell) CS
Stimulus discrimination(
((
(
)
))
)
Ability to distinguish between a CS and similar but irrelevant
stimulus CS
Any daily examples of CC?
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ClassExercise#1
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Class Exercise #1
Identify the following terms for the assigned case:
Before conditioning
NS ( ) No response
UCS ( ) UCR ( )
During conditioning
NS ( )
+
UCS ( ) UCR ( )
After conditioning
CS ( ) CR ( )
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(C) Operant/Instrumental Conditioning
/
1) Basic Ideas A learning process through which the frequency
of a behavior increases or decreases as aresult of its _________________________
Thorndikes Law of Effect (
) says that if some random actions are followed by
pleasurable consequences or reward, suchactions are strengthened and will likely occur inthe future
primarily applied to skeletal responses;voluntary action (emitted behavior )
Key Person: B.F. Skinner (
)
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(C) Operant/Instrumental Conditioning 1) Basic Ideas (Cont.)
Acquisition through ____________( ): thereinforcement of closer and closer approximations ( ) of a desired response
Skinner (trainer) trained (shaped) a rat ( trainee) toprogress from mere standing to actual lever-pressingthrough a series of short steps
___________ (contingent) consequence is moreeffective than the delayed ones
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The Skinner Box
Skinner Box - Shaping 2009/10/6 CC2413_0910_S1_L5&6_Learn 20
(C) Operant/Instrumental Conditioning
2) Mechanism
Behavior/Response
Press lever
Consequences
1) Pleasant /Unpleasant Stimulus
2) Present (+) /Remove (-)
Effects on Behavior/Response
Press lever
or
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3) Two Types of Operant ConditioningReinforcement (
)____________ thelikelihood of the particular behaviors
BehaviorFavorableconsequence
Increases inbehavior
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3) Two Types of Operant Conditioning (cont.)
Punishment (
) ____________ the likelihood of theparticular behaviors
BehaviorUnfavorableconsequence
Decreases inbehavior
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(C) Operant/Instrumental Conditioning
4) Four ways to modify behavior
1) Positive reinforcement (
)
presenting (+) of favorable stimulus as aconsequence
e.g. give a raise/prize to
goodperformancein the job
2) Negative reinforcement (
)/ Escape & Active avoidance
removal (-) of unfavorable stimulus as aconsequence
e.g. terminate headache to takingaspirin
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4) Four ways to modify behavior
3) Negative Punishment /Punishment by Removal (
)
removal (-) of favorable stimulus as aconsequence
e.g. remove favorite toys to
misbehavior
4) Positive Punishment /
Punishment by Application (
)
presenting (+) of unfavorable stimulus as aconsequence
e.g. give spanking to eliminate
misbehavior
(C) Operant/Instrumental Conditioning
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(C) Operant/Instrumental Conditioning
(+ presenting)
(- removing /do not apply)
(
response) (
response)
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Fig 6.15
(-)
(
response)
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5) Schedules of Reinforcement Ratio (
): certain ___________ ofresponses (effort)
Interval (
): certain period of________
4 combinations
Fixed ratio schedule (FR) (
)
reinforcement provided after a fixed number ofresponses
Variable ratio schedule (VR) (
)
reinforcement provided after a unpredictablyvarying number of responses
Fixed interval schedule (FI) (
)
reinforcement provided after a fixed amount of
time
Variable interval schedule (VI) (
)
reinforcement provided after a unpredictablyvarying amount of time
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Fig 6.13Schedules of
reinforcementand patterns of
response.
A steeperslope
indicates afaster rate of
response.
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Class Exercise #2 Identify the following schedules of
reinforcement.
Last month, Judy has applied for a number ofdegree programs at various local universities. Sofar, she received conditional offers from two
universitiesprograms.
Mark brought a stock which gives dividends to itsshareholders every six months.
You are calling a very busy 24-hour customerhotline and waiting for someone to answer yourcall.
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(D) Observational Learning
1) Basic Ideas
the learning of new behaviors through______________ (
) and imitation(
) of a model
usually consisted of novel andcomplex sequences of actions(emitted behavior
)
Key Person: Albert Bandura (
)
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(D) Observational Learning
2) Banduras Bobo dollexperiment (1961)
In the classic study, children
either viewed a film in which anadult model behavedaggressively to an inflatable doll
orthe adult model ignored the
doll.
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2) Banduras Bobo doll experiment
(cont.)After, viewing the film, each child was then left alonein a playroom with an inflatable doll in the room
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uMwOexrV6fM&feature=related
(D) Observational Learning
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(D) Observational Learning 2) Banduras Bobo doll experiment
(cont.) He found that children who had watched
the film of the aggressive model behavedmore / less aggressively toward theBobo doll than those children who hadwatched the film of the nonaggressivemodel
Banduras study demonstrated that we canlearn through observation or imitation,with no reinforcement necessary
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(D) Observational Learning
3) Learningvs. Performance
To perform is based on the ___________ toreproduce that learned behavior
4) 4 Key elements
Attention ( ) models behavior
Memory / Retention ( )
Imitation( ) / Reproduction ( )
Motivation ( )
5) Applications in daily lives?
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(E) Conclusion1) 3 Types of Learning Theories
2) Focus of Next Topic: Motivation and Emotion
3) References***Ciccarelli, S. K., & White, J. N. (2009). Psychology
(International edition, 2nd ed). Upper Saddle River,N.J. : Pearson/Prentice Hall.
Weiten, W. (2008). Learning. In Psychology: Themes and variations(Briefer version, 7th ed., pp. 168 - 203). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth/Thomson Learning.
*** Assigned Readings - Ch. 5 pp.176 - 219
4) Video Demonstration BBC Predatorspart 3 (15:30 20:15)
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(E) Conclusion5) Web Resources
1) An Animal Trainer's Introduction To Operant and ClassicalConditioning
http://www.wagntrain.com/OC/
2) Behaviour Analysis and Learninghttp://psych.athabascau.ca/html/aupr/ba.shtml
3) Albert Bandura
http://fates.cns.muskingum.edu/~psych/psycweb/history/bandura.htm
4) Computer Demonstration of Classical Conditioninghttp://www.uwm.edu/~johnchay/cc.htm
5) Tutorials on the Science of Behaviorhttp://www.bfsr.org/elements.html
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