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10- The use of microbes in the antibiotic
industry: Antibiotic is a substance produced by a
microorganism that is effective in killing or
inhibiting the growth of other organism.
* certain bacteria and fungi produce antibioticthat are used to treat patient with infectiousdiseases.
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11- Microbes are essential in the field ofgenetic engineering:
Genetic engineering: a science in which agenefrom organism ( bacteria, human, an animal, or
plant) is inserted into bacteria or yeast cell toget benefit, the cell that receive the new genecan now produce whatever product is coded
for by the gene.
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e.g Production of insulin, various type of
growth hormones, vaccines…..by geneticengendered bacteria and yeast.
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12-Studying purposes : microbes have
been used as (a cell model), more learned
about the structure and functions ofmicrobial cells , more learned about cellsin general
e.g usage of Escherichia. coli (E.coli) as astudy model.
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13- finally we come to diseases : Microorganisms cause two categories of disease
A-infectious disease: result when a pathogenscolonizes the body and subsequently causedisease.B- microbial intoxication: results when person
ingests a toxin ( poisonous substance) that hasbeen produced by a microorganisms) .
*Infectious diseases: are the leading cause ofdeath in the world, and the third leading cause ofdeath in USA after heart and cancer.
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Any one pursuing a career in a healthcareprofession must be aware :
1- infectious diseases2- the pathogens that causes them3- the source of the pathogens
4- how the diseases transmitted5- how to protect yourself and you patient from
these disease
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Careers In MicrobiologyA microbiologist: is a scientist who study tiny
organisms called microorganismswithin the science of microbiology there aremany career fieldse.g a person may specialize in the study of just one
particular category of microorganisms:- bacteriologist: specialized in study of bacteria- phycologists: study of algae- protozoologists: study of protozoan- mycologists: study of fungi- virologists: study of fungi
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Other career fields in microbiology pertainmore to applied microbiology:
- Agriculture microbiology.- Biotechnology (industrial microbiology).- Environmental microbiology andbioremediation.
- Medical and clinical microbiology.- Microbial genetics and genetic engineering.- Paleomicrobilogy: study of ancient microbes- Parasitology
- veterinary microbiology
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Pioneers in the Science of Microbiology
*bacteria and protozoa were the first microorganisms
to be observed by humans.
*Among the most significant events in the earlyhistory of microbiology were:
- development of microscope- bacterial staining procedure- technique that enabled microorganisms to becultured in the laboratory
- steps could be taken to prove that specificmicroorganisms were responsible for specificinfectious disease
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Among the individuals who contributed to our
present understanding of microorganisms:
1- Anton van leeuwenhoek ( father of microbiology)and the father of protozoology)
he create what today are known as a single-lensmicroscopeshe used his microscope to examine almost anythinghe could get his hand on: scraping from his teeth,
water, blood, sperm, and even diarrheal stool.
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2- Louis Pasteur : French chemist, made numerous
contributions to microbiology:
-discovered what occurs during alcoholic fermentation-ending the theory of spontaneous generation-discovered exist of aerobes and anaerobes organisms- developed what known as pasteurization- discovered the infectious agents of silkworm disease-contribute to germ theory of disease (specificmicroorganisms cause specific infectious diseasee.g Bacillus anthracis cause anthrax
- championed changes in hospital practices to minimize the
spread of disease by pathogens - developed vaccines to prevent cholera, anthrax…...
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3-Robert koch (German Physician) :
- develop the germ theory- discovered that bacillus anthracis produce spores,capable of resisting adverse conditions.
- developed methods of fixing, staining, ad photographingbacteria.
-developed methods of cultivating bacteria on solid media- discovered bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis thatcauses tuberculosis and Vibrio cholerae that causecholera -work on tuberculin ( a proetin derived from
M.tuberculosis) which lead to the development of a skinvaluable in diagnosing tuberculosis.
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