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CHAPTER –III
METHODS AND MATERIALS
In this Chapter the selection of subjects, selection of variables,
reliability of the data, Instrument reliability, tester’s competence, subjects
reliability, orientation of subjects, collection of data and the statistical
techniques employed for analyzing the data have been described.
3.1 SELECTION OF SUBJECTS
For the purpose of this study, altogether sixty Diabetic patients were
chosen on random basis from Vellour District in Tamilnadu. Their age group
ranges from thirty five to forty five.
3.2 EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
The sixty diabetes would be divided into four groups of fifteen. The
experimental group I would undergo control group and the experimental group
II would undergo Walking. The third group would undergo Yoga; Yoga and
Walking would be for the fourth group. Pre-test and post-tests would be
conducted. Treatment would be given for twelve weeks. It would be found out-
finally the effects of Yoga and Walking on the diabetic patients in scientific
method.
3.3 PILOT STUDY
In order to find out the suitable intensity of Walking and Yoga training,
a pilot study was administered with five subjects prior to the conduct of the
test.
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3.4 CRITERION MEASURES
The selected tests were measured by the following units for testing the
hypotheses.
1. Resting pulse rate was measured in beats per minute (ppm).
2. Respiratory rate was measured in number of breath per minute.
3. Vital Capacity was measured the largest quantity of air (inspiration
and expiration).
4. Blood Sugar was measured the level of Sugar in the blood in milligram.
5. Insulin Level (C-peptide) was measured the level of C-Peptide in
the blood in milligram (mg).
6. Cholesterol was to measure the level of Cholesterol in the blood in mg.
7. Anxiety was measured the degree of Anxiety in points.
8. Stress was measured the level of Stress in Points.
9. Self Concept was measured in points.
3.5 SELECTION OF VARIABLES
The research scholar reviewed the available scientific literatures
pertaining to the study from the books, journals, periodicals, magazines and
research papers. Taking into consideration of the feasibility criteria, availability
of instruments and relevance of the variables to the present topic the following
physiological, bio-chemical and psychological variables were selected for the
investigation.
3.6 PHYSIOLOGICAL VARIABLES
1. Pulse rate
2. Respiratory rate
3. Vital capacity
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3.7 BIO- CHEMICAL VARIABLES
1. Blood Sugar
2. Insulin level (C-Peptide)
3. Cholesterol
3.8 PSYCHOLOGICAL VARIABLES
1. Anxiety
2. Stress
3. Self concept
3.9 RELIABILITY OF DATA
Establishing the instrument reliability, tester’s competency, and
reliability of the tests and subject reliability ensured the reliability of data.
3.10 INSTRUMENT RELIABILITY
1. A Swiss made stop watch calibrated to the one tenth of a second was used
2. Wet spiro-meter was used to find out vital capacity
3. A nose clip was used to find out breath holding time
The reliability of the above instruments was established by taking time
and distance, vital capacity, pressure etc. twice for the subjects. On both
occasions they showed the same timing and measurements. Hence the
instruments were considered reliable.
3.11 SUBJECT RELIABILITY
The above test retest, co- efficient of correlation also indicated subject
reliability as the same tester used the same subjects under similar conditions.
106
3.12 TESTERS’ COMPETENCY
The testers’ competency was assessed together with the reliability of
the data. To determine the reliability of the test and testers’ competency the
performance of ten subjects selected at random on there chosen variables
were recorded twice under similar conditions by the investigator. This was
done, by test re-test method. The scores thus obtained were correlated by
using Pearson product moment correlation and is presented
TABLE – I
RELIABILITY CO-EFFICIENT OF TEST-RETEST SCORES
S. No Test Item Pearson’s Co-Efficient
of Correlation ‘�’
1 Pulse Rate .93
2 Respiratory rate .91
3 Vital capacity .97
4 Blood Sugar .96
5 Insulin level (c peptide) .97
6 Cholesterol .97
7 Anxiety .98
8 Stress .98
9. Self concept .97
3.13 ORIENTATION OF SUBJECTS
Orientation is a programme designed to introduce one into a new
situation. To bring forth the best effort form the subjects, it is highly essential
107
to explain the subjects in detail about the study. Hence, before the collection
of data the investigator held a meeting with the subjects in order to orient
them about the purpose of the study. Effect of selected physiological,
psychological and bio- chemical variables.
The investigator explained to the subjects about the procedure and
which would be conducted to assess different variables. Suitable instructions
were given to subjects about the procedures to be adopted by them. The
investigator explained testing procedures to them so that their was no
ambiguity in their minds regarding the efforts required by them. All the
subjects readily agreed to co-operate and to put in their best efforts in the
interest of scientific investigation which may be of great value in designing
suitable physiological, psychological and biochemical programme and the
subjects were very enthusiastic and co-operative throughout the project
period of data collection.
3.14 TRAINING PROGRAMME
The following schedule of training was given for the Walking, Yoga and
Walking & Yoga Groups.
3.14.1 YOGA TRAINING
1. Loosening the limbs
2. Asanas
• Padmasana
• Sarvangasana
• Halasana
• Shalabhasana
108
• Bhujangasana
• Dhnurasana
• Matsyasana
• Paschomottansna
• Yoga mudrasana
3. Pranayama
• Nadi suddhi Pranayama
4. Relaxation
• Shavasana
3.14.2 WALKING TRAINING
1. Warming up
Slow Walk slowly for 200 meters for a period of five minutes. Rotate all
the joints and Stretch all the muscles.
2. Walking
Walk for 25 minutes or 35 minutes or 45 minutes.
3. Warming down
Stretch all the muscles.
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3.15 TRAINING SCHEDULED WEEKS : 1, 2, 3 and 4
Control Group Walking Group Yoga Group Walking & Yoga
Group Weeks Days
Morning Evening Morning
(Walking) Evening
(Walking) Morning (Yoga)
Evening (Yoga)
Morning (Yoga)
Evening (Walking)
1 No training
No training
25 mts. 25 mts. 25 mts. 25 mts. 25 mts. 25 mts.
2 No training
No training
25 mts. 25 mts. 25 mts. 25 mts. 25 mts. 25 mts.
3 No training
No training
25 mts. 25 mts. 25 mts. 25 mts. 25 mts. 25 mts.
4 No training
No training
25 mts. 25 mts. 25 mts. 25 mts. 25 mts. 25 mts.
5 No training
No training
25 mts. 25 mts. 25 mts. 25 mts. 25 mts. 25 mts.
6 No training
No training
25 mts. 25 mts. 25 mts. 25 mts. 25 mts. 25 mts.
1st Week
7 No training
No training
Rest Rest Rest Rest Rest Rest
1 No training
No training
25 mts. 25 mts. 25 mts. 25 mts. 25 mts. 25 mts.
2 No training
No training
25 mts. 25 mts. 25 mts. 25 mts. 25 mts. 25 mts.
3 No training
No training
25 mts. 25 mts. 25 mts. 25 mts. 25 mts. 25 mts.
4 No training
No training
25 mts. 25 mts. 25 mts. 25 mts. 25 mts. 25 mts.
5 No training
No training
25 mts. 25 mts. 25 mts. 25 mts. 25 mts. 25 mts.
6 No training
No training
25 mts. 25 mts. 25 mts. 25 mts. 25 mts. 25 mts.
2nd Week
7 No training
No training
Rest Rest Rest Rest Rest Rest
1 No training
No training
25 mts. 25 mts. 25 mts. 25 mts. 25 mts. 25 mts.
2 No training
No training
25 mts. 25 mts. 25 mts. 25 mts. 25 mts. 25 mts.
3 No training
No training
25 mts. 25 mts. 25 mts. 25 mts. 25 mts. 25 mts.
4 No training
No training
25 mts. 25 mts. 25 mts. 25 mts. 25 mts. 25 mts.
5 No training
No training
25 mts. 25 mts. 25 mts. 25 mts. 25 mts. 25 mts.
6 No training
No training
25 mts. 25 mts. 25 mts. 25 mts. 25 mts. 25 mts.
3rd Week
7 No training
No training
Rest Rest Rest Rest Rest Rest
1 No training
No training
25 mts. 25 mts. 25 mts. 25 mts. 25 mts. 25 mts.
2 No training
No training
25 mts. 25 mts. 25 mts. 25 mts. 25 mts. 25 mts.
3 No training
No training
25 mts. 25 mts. 25 mts. 25 mts. 25 mts. 25 mts.
4 No training
No training
25 mts. 25 mts. 25 mts. 25 mts. 25 mts. 25 mts.
5 No training
No training
25 mts. 25 mts. 25 mts. 25 mts. 25 mts. 25 mts.
6 No training
No training
25 mts. 25 mts. 25 mts. 25 mts. 25 mts. 25 mts.
4th Week
7 No training
No training
Rest Rest Rest Rest Rest Rest
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WEEKS : 5, 6, 7 and 8
Control Group Walking Group Yoga Group Walking & Yoga
Group Weeks Days
Morning Evening Morning
(Walking) Evening
(Walking) Morning (Yoga)
Evening (Yoga)
Morning (Yoga)
Evening (Walking)
1 No training
No training
35 mts. 35 mts. 35 mts. 35 mts. 35 mts. 35 mts.
2 No training
No training
35 mts. 35 mts. 35 mts. 35 mts. 35 mts. 35 mts.
3 No training
No training
35 mts. 35 mts. 35 mts. 35 mts. 35 mts. 35 mts.
4 No training
No training
35 mts. 35 mts. 35 mts. 35 mts. 35 mts. 35 mts.
5 No training
No training
35 mts. 35 mts. 35 mts. 35 mts. 35 mts. 35 mts.
6 No training
No training
35 mts. 35 mts. 35 mts. 35 mts. 35 mts. 35 mts.
5th
Week
7 No training
No training
Rest Rest Rest Rest Rest Rest
1 No training
No training
35 mts. 35 mts. 35 mts. 35 mts. 35 mts. 35 mts.
2 No training
No training
35 mts. 35 mts. 35 mts. 35 mts. 35 mts. 35 mts.
3 No training
No training
35 mts. 35 mts. 35 mts. 35 mts. 35 mts. 35 mts.
4 No training
No training
35 mts. 35 mts. 35 mts. 35 mts. 35 mts. 35 mts.
5 No training
No training
35 mts. 35 mts. 35 mts. 35 mts. 35 mts. 35 mts.
6 No training
No training
35 mts. 35 mts. 35 mts. 35 mts. 35 mts. 35 mts.
6th Week
7 No training
No training
Rest Rest Rest Rest Rest Rest
1 No training
No training
35 mts. 35 mts. 35 mts. 35 mts. 35 mts. 35 mts.
2 No training
No training
35 mts. 35 mts. 35 mts. 35 mts. 35 mts. 35 mts.
3 No training
No training
35 mts. 35 mts. 35 mts. 35 mts. 35 mts. 35 mts.
4 No training
No training
35 mts. 35 mts. 35 mts. 35 mts. 35 mts. 35 mts.
5 No training
No training
35 mts. 35 mts. 35 mts. 35 mts. 35 mts. 35 mts.
6 No training
No training
35 mts. 35 mts. 35 mts. 35 mts. 35 mts. 35 mts.
7th Week
7 No training
No training
Rest Rest Rest Rest Rest Rest
1 No training
No training
35 mts. 35 mts. 35 mts. 35 mts. 35 mts. 35 mts.
2 No training
No training
35 mts. 35 mts. 35 mts. 35 mts. 35 mts. 35 mts.
3 No training
No training
35 mts. 35 mts. 35 mts. 35 mts. 35 mts. 35 mts.
4 No training
No training
35 mts. 35 mts. 35 mts. 35 mts. 35 mts. 35 mts.
5 No training
No training
35 mts. 35 mts. 35 mts. 35 mts. 35 mts. 35 mts.
6 No training
No training
35 mts. 35 mts. 35 mts. 35 mts. 35 mts. 35 mts.
8th Week
7 No training
No training
Rest Rest Rest Rest Rest Rest
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WEEKS : 9, 10, 11 and 12
Control Group Walking Group Yoga Group Walking & Yoga
Group Weeks Days
Morning Evening Morning
(Walking) Evening
(Walking) Morning (Yoga)
Evening (Yoga)
Morning (Yoga)
Evening (Walking)
1 No training
No training
45 mts. 45 mts. 45 mts. 45 mts. 45 mts. 45 mts.
2 No training
No training
45 mts. 45 mts. 45 mts. 45 mts. 45 mts. 45 mts.
3 No training
No training
45 mts. 45 mts. 45 mts. 45 mts. 45 mts. 45 mts.
4 No training
No training
45 mts. 45 mts. 45 mts. 45 mts. 45 mts. 45 mts.
5 No training
No training
45 mts. 45 mts. 45 mts. 45 mts. 45 mts. 45 mts.
6 No training
No training
45 mts. 45 mts. 45 mts. 45 mts. 45 mts. 45 mts.
9th Week
7 No training
No training
Rest Rest Rest Rest Rest Rest
1 No training
No training
45 mts. 45 mts. 45 mts. 45 mts. 45 mts. 45 mts.
2 No training
No training
45 mts. 45 mts. 45 mts. 45 mts. 45 mts. 45 mts.
3 No training
No training
45 mts. 45 mts. 45 mts. 45 mts. 45 mts. 45 mts.
4 No training
No training
45 mts. 45 mts. 45 mts. 45 mts. 45 mts. 45 mts.
5 No training
No training
45 mts. 45 mts. 45 mts. 45 mts. 45 mts. 45 mts.
6 No training
No training
45 mts. 45 mts. 45 mts. 45 mts. 45 mts. 45 mts.
10th Week
7 No training
No training
Rest Rest Rest Rest Rest Rest
1 No training
No training
45 mts. 45 mts. 45 mts. 45 mts. 45 mts. 45 mts.
2 No training
No training
45 mts. 45 mts. 45 mts. 45 mts. 45 mts. 45 mts.
3 No training
No training
45 mts. 45 mts. 45 mts. 45 mts. 45 mts. 45 mts.
4 No training
No training
45 mts. 45 mts. 45 mts. 45 mts. 45 mts. 45 mts.
5 No training
No training
45 mts. 45 mts. 45 mts. 45 mts. 45 mts. 45 mts.
6 No training
No training
45 mts. 45 mts. 45 mts. 45 mts. 45 mts. 45 mts.
11th Week
7 No training
No training
Rest Rest Rest Rest Rest Rest
1 No training
No training
45 mts. 45 mts. 45 mts. 45 mts. 45 mts. 45 mts.
2 No training
No training
45 mts. 45 mts. 45 mts. 45 mts. 45 mts. 45 mts.
3 No training
No training
45 mts. 45 mts. 45 mts. 45 mts. 45 mts. 45 mts.
4 No training
No training
45 mts. 45 mts. 45 mts. 45 mts. 45 mts. 45 mts.
5 No training
No training
45 mts. 45 mts. 45 mts. 45 mts. 45 mts. 45 mts.
6 No training
No training
45 mts. 45 mts. 45 mts. 45 mts. 45 mts. 45 mts.
12th Week
7 No training
No training
Rest Rest Rest Rest Rest Rest
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3.16 TEST ADMINISTRATION
PHYSIOLOGICAL VARIABLES
3.16.1 PULSE RATE
Purpose
To measure the number of pulse rates to the subjects in a minute.
Equipment
A stop watch.
Procedure
The pulse rate of all the subjects were recorded in sitting positron
Before taking the pulse rate the subjects were asked to sit in a chair and relax
for 20 to 30 minutes. To record the pulse rate the finger tips were pulled on
the left radial artery at the jurist in such a manner that plus atria was clear and
the number of pulsations were counted for one minute, Clayne R. Johnson
(1980).
3.16.2 RESPIRATORY RATE
Purpose
To measure the subjects number of breaths per minute.
Equipment
Respiration rate monitor or the Biomonitor was used to measure the
respiratory rate.
Procedure
The respiratory rate of the subject was monitored through the
respiration rate monitor or the Biomonitor. It monitored the respiratory rate
113
using the method of temperature variation near nasal region with the help of
semi conductor thermal sensor.
The investigator inserted the thermal sensor into the nostril, slightly
inside the entrance of the nose. As the subject breathed, the variation in the
temperature of the inhaled external air and the exhaled air was sensed and
processed to indicator respiration rate. There the investigator pressed the
push button switch RESP. The RHYTHM indicator LED and electronic beeper
was flashed / beeped with every respiration cycle. The respiration rate was
indicated on the digital meter. The accuracy of equipment was + 3 of the
percentage of reading
3.12.3 VITAL CAPACITY
Purpose
To measure vital capacity
The object of test was to measure the largest quantity of air which a
person can expel form the lungs by a forcible expiration after the deepest
possible inspiration.
Equipment
A six liter wet spiro-meter was used for measuring the vital capacity.
Procedure
The wet spirometr was placed at a height that allowed the subject
to stand react at the beginning of the test. The subject forcefully inhaled
and exhaled twice before the test (hyperventilate). The
114
subject was cautioned no to allow air to escape through her nose or around
the mouthpiece. The subject at completion should bend slightly for ward to
blow as much air as possible into the wet spirometer.
Scoring
The reading shown in the wet spirometer was recorded as the score.
3.17 BIO CHEMICAL VARIABLES
3.17.1 BLOOD SUGAR
Method
For estimation of blood sugar the procedure prescribed by Assatoor
and King was followed.
Purpose
The purpose of this test was to measure the level of sugar in the blood
in mg%
Equipment
A calorimeter, centrifuge, test tubes, cotton, 20 ml. dry – sterilized
syringe with needle, 5 ml. pipette, 0.1 ml. Pipette, Forlins tube and beaker
were used for this test.
Reagents
The reagents used for determining the level of sugar in the blood were
Isotonic sodium soleplate, copper soleplate solution, Sodium tungstate, 10%
alkaline tartatc solution, phosphomolybolic acid standard glucose solution.
115
Procedure
10ml. of blood was added to 3.8 ml. of isotonic sodium sulphate and
100 ml. of sodium sulphate. The contents were mixed. One ml. of the
supernatant and one ml. alkaline tartrate solution were added and plunged
tightly with cotton wool. The cube was heated in boiling water bath for 10
minutes and then cooled 0.3. ml of distilled water mixed well and read after
five minutes. At the same time one ml. of working standard was put up in the
same way and blank using one ml. of isotonic sodium sulphate, copper
sulphate solution. Readings were taken in a photoelectron calorimeter and the
values were calculated using standard graph.
3.17.2 INSULIN LEVEL (C-PEPTIDE)
Method
For estimation of C-peptide the procedure prescribed by Morgon-
Lazarow (glucose oxidase) was followed
Purpose
The purpose of this test was to measure the level of C-peptide in the
blood in mg%.
Equipment
A calorimeter, centrifuge, test tubes, cotton, 20ml sterilized syringe with
needle, 5ml and 0.1ml pipette.
Reagents
The reagents used for determining the level of Glucose in blood were
Glucose solution.
116
Procedure
Blood specimens during the tests were obtained from antecubital vein
at 0,30,60,90 and 120 min. Two kinds of intravenous glucose tolerance tests
were made as follows.
(1) Fifty % glucose solution (20 ml) was injected within 2min (log-IVGTT)
and blood samples were obtained at 0,3,5,10,15,20,30,40,50 and 60
min)
(2) Ten % glucose solution (300 ml) was intravenously infused at a
constant rate over 30 min (30g-1V GTT) and blood samples were
obtained at same time points as lof IV-GTT.
(3) The 50g GTT and log IV-GTT were performed in normal subjects and
diabetic patients. Any one of the intraven glucose tolerance test was
used for the evelustion of GTT.
(4) GTT was measured before and after the training normally Yoga,
Walking and Yoga and Walking, Takayoshi Toyato, M.D., (1977).
3.17.3 CHOLESTEROL
Method
For the estimation of cholesterol, the procedure prescribed by Zak’s
(1999) was followed.
Purpose
The purpose of this test was to measure the level of cholesterol in the
blood in mg%
117
Equipment
Calorimeter, centrifuge, test tubes, cotton, 20ml. dry-sterilized syringe
with needle, 5ml. pipette, 0.1ml. pipette and beaker were used for this test.
Reagents
Acetic acid analar, 0.05% solution of FeCI3 6H2O in analar acetic acid,
H2 SO4 analar standard cholesterol. Stock 100 mg/100ml in glacial ACOH
working standard. Dilute the stock 1 to 25 with FeCI3 ACOH reagent.
Procedure
0.1 ml. of serum was added to 10ml. of ferric chloride acetic acid
reagent in a glass stopper tube, mixed well and allowed to stand for fifteen
minutes for proteins to flocculate. Centrifuged and 5ml. of clear supernatant
fluid was transferred into a glass stopper centrifuge tube.
1, 2, 3, 4, and 5ml of standard were taken and made upto 5ml with
ferric chloride acetic acid reagent. 5ml of concentrate H2 SO4 was added to all
the tubes and was allowed to stand in dark for thirty minutes and the color
was read. The values were calculated using the standard graph.
Soon after the initial data collection on the chosen variables were mad,
the following trainings namely yogic practice are walley were given for 12
weeks. After the treatment period final data collection on the chosen variables
were done.
118
3.18 PSYCHOLOGICAL VARIABLES
3.18.1 PROCEDURE FOR SCORING ANXIETY QUESTIONNAIRE
Anxiety was measured through the sports competition anxiety Test
(SCAT). The SCAT questionnaire was designed to measure the degree of
anxiety experienced prior to the competition. Marten developed it SCAT
questionnaire was given to all the fifteen items were adopted on the SCAT for
this Investigation.
The completed questionnaire scored as follows
Hardly ever 1 Point
Some times 2 Points
Often 3 points
The same 6 and 11 were scored as
Hardly ever 3 Points
Some times 2 Points
Often 1 Point
Items 1, 4, 7, 10 adn13 were not scored. The minimum score that can
be obtained by a subject was 10 Points and the maximum was 30 Points.
There were no rights or wrong answers. The subject were not allowed to
spend to much time on any statement the subject were described best how
you usually tell when collecting in sports and games.
119
3.18.2 PROCEDURE FOR SCORING STRESS QUESTIONNAIRE
Standardized questionnaire of surely and cirdanos was used to
measure the psychological stress of diabetic patients. There were fourteen
statements relating to various situations of life. There were four levels of
responses almost always true, usually true, seldom true, never true. The
subjects were made to mark (*) in the column whichever response the
person felt was true to his nature. The scale was revalidated by the scholar by
administering on sixty diabetic patient. Hence this inventory in the original
form was made use of. A copy of the questionnaire is given in Appendix.
Scoring
The inventory was scored with the help of a scoring key is given below.
The score obtained for each statement was added and treated as individual
scores. The range of score was 14 to 54. The lower the score the lower the
psychological stress.
Scoring key
S. NO. RESPONSE SCORES
1. Almost always true 4
2. Usually true 3
3. Seldom true 2
4. Never true 1
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3.18.3 PROCEDURE FOR SCORING SELF-CONCEPT QUESTIONNAIRE
Standardized questionnaire of cratty adaptation of piers Harri's self
concept scale was used to measure the self concept of diabetic patients.
Scoring
Score one point of each response excepted. Deduct one point for each
positive expected answer which were circled “No” and each Negative
expected answer which were circle “YES”. The score is the number of
expected responses given for the 20 items.
+1 11-
+2 12+
+3 13+
+4 14-
+5 15-
+6 16+
+7 17+
+8 18+
+9 19-
+0 20+
Scoring key
For questionnaires 1, 3, 4, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, 16, 17 and 20 correct
answer is “a” For the questions 2, 5, 6, 7, 8, 14, 18 and 19 the correct answer
is “b” and for the correct statement 2 marks and for incorrect responses “O”
121
3.19 YOGIC PRACTICES
The following yogic practices were given to the experimental group-III,
The time taken for posture was one minute.
3.19.1 PADMASANA
Take the seat with legs fully stretched out, then bend the right leg in the
knee joint and fold it upon itself, set the same in the opposite hip joint, so as to
make the foot lie stretching at the root of the thigh with its sole upturned, the
other leg similarly folded and set in the opposite hip joint. Adjust both the feet
in such a way that they almost meet in front of the pubic bones and each of
them passes on the abdominal portion adjacent to it. Then the heels thus
brought together, the left hand is spread out with its back touching the heels
and its palm upturned. The right hand is placed upon the left in the same
manner. The eyes are directed to the nose tip and the chin lock is formed
after the manner with the anal contraction. The technique of lotus pose is
completed. It is needless to add that except for the neck, the spine is to be
maintained erect.
122
3.19.2 SARVANGASANA
1 2 3 4
First lie supine on the seat with all muscles completely relaxed. Then
slowly raise the legs through the hip joint till they make an angle of 300 Again
they are kept steady never and again raised, so as to complete a right angle.
This is maintained for a few seconds again. Up to now the arms and elbows
are no brought into action which plays only a passive part. However, raise the
whole body with less thrown up and resting the weight on the arms, assume
the position. As this point, it is important to note that hitches presses against
the chin forming what has already been described as the chin lock. Further in
order to render the charlock perfect, bend the fore arms through the elbows;
and with the hands press the trunk against the chin till it is well set in the
jugular hatch. In this practice the posterior part of the neck lies close along the
ground the trunk and the legs are in a straight line and the mind is fixed on the
thyroid. Only in exceptional circumstances attention is directed to the toes.
Retain this for a time and then come down in the reverse order and relax.
123
3.19.3 HALASANA - PLOUGH POSE
1 2 3 4
5
It is a very important asana, which has come through tradition. It is
known as Halasana because in its final position the body resembles the
shape of the Indian plough.
Lie flat on the back with the legs and feet together. Place the arms
beside the body with the palms facing down. Relax the whole body. Raise
both legs to the vertical position, keeping them straight and together, using
only the abdominal muscles. Press down on the arms and lift the buttocks,
rolling the back away from the floor. Lower the legs over the head. Try to
touch the toes to the floor behind the head. Do not force the toes to touch the
floor. Turn the palms up, bend the elbows and place the hands behind the
ribcage to support the back as in sarvangasana. Relax and hold the final pose
for as long as is comfortable. Return to the starting position by lowering the
arms with the palms facing down and then slowly lower the back and buttocks
to the floor. Raise the legs to the vertical position. Using the abdominal
muscles, lower the legs to the starting position, keeping the knees straight.
124
3.19.4 SHALABHASANA - LOCUTS POSE
1 2
3 4
Lie flat on the stomach with the legs and feet together and the sole of
the feet uppermost. The arms may be placed either under the body or by the
sides, with the palms downward or the hands clenched. Stretch the chin
slightly forward and rest it on the floor throughout the practice. Slowly raise
the legs as high as possible, keeping them straight and together. The
elevation of the legs is produced by applying pressure with the arms against
the floor and contracting the lower back muscles. Hold the final position for as
is comfortable without strain. Slowly lower the legs to the floor.
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3.19.5 BHUJANGASANA - COBRA POSE
1 2
3
Bhujanga in Sanskrit means ‘a cobra’ When the full and correct pose of
this asana is adopted, it resembles a hooded cobra. This asana belongs to
the category of sacrum asana. This asana is more beneficial to women for
strengthens the ovaries and uterus. This asana has four variations the Sphinx
pose, the Sarpasana pose, the twisting cobra pose, the full cobra pose.
People suffering from peptic ulcer, hernia and intestinal tuberculosis should
not do this asana.
Lie flat on the stomach with legs straight and the feet extended. Place
the palms down under the shoulders. Slowly raise the body above the navel
until the arms are straight but the stomach and the legs must touch the floor.
Bend the head back gazing diagonally upwards. Remain in this pose for a
couple of seconds. Breathe slowly and normally throughout.
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3.19.6 DHANURASANA - BOW POSE
1 2
3
Lie flat on the stomach with the legs and feet together and the arms
and hands besides the body. Bend the knees and bring the heels close to the
buttocks, clasp the hands around the ankles place the chin on the floor. Tense
the leg muscles and push the feet away from the body, arch the back, lifting
the thighs, chest and head together, keep the arms straight. In the final
position the head is tilted back and the abdomen supports the entire body on
the floor. The only muscular contraction is in the legs; the back arms remain
relaxed. Release the pose and relax in the prone position until the respiration
returns to normal.
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3.19.7 MATSYASANA - FISH POSE
1
2
The word Matsya implies ‘fish’ in Sanskrit. The origin to the
name given to this asana appears to be strange because it does not bear any
resemblance to fish. The Sanskrit text gives justification that this asana can
allow one to float in water like a fish. Matsyasana enables the center of gravity
more towards the middle of the body, allowing sufficient ventilation to the
lungs and increases the capacity of the man to float. It is a counter posture to
Sarvangasana and Halasana.
Sit in the padmasana posture. Lie back, keeping the locked legs down
on the floor. Support the body with the hands and elbows. Lift the head and
the shoulders and arch the back pressing the crown of the head on the floor
forming a bridge in which the shoulders and the back remain above the floor.
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3.19.8 PASCHIMOTTANASANA - BACK STRETCHING POSE
1 2
3 4
Sit on the floor with legs outstretched feet together and hands on the
knees. This is the starting position relax the whole body slowly bend forward
form the hips sliding the hands down the legs. Try to grasp the big toes with
the fingers and thumbs. If this is impossible hold the heels and ankles or any
part of the legs that can be reached comfortably. Move slowly without forcing
or jerking. Hold the position for a few seconds. Relax the back and leg
muscles allowing them to gently keeping the legs straight utilizing the arm
muscles, not the back muscles, begin to bend the elbows and gently bring the
trunk down towards the leg, marinating the firm grip on the toes feet, or legs.
Try to touch the knees with the forehead. Do not strain this is the final
position. Hold the position for as long as is comfortable and relax slowly return
to the starting position.
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3.19.9 YOGA MUDRASANA - PSYCHIC UNION POSE
1
2
Sit in padmasana posture relax the body for some time, breathing
normally hold one wrist behind the back the other hand, inhale deeply. While
exhaling, bend forward, keeping the spine straight bring the forehead to the
floor or as close as possible. Relax the whole body in the position, breathing
slowly ad deeply. Be aware of the pressure of the heels on the abdomen.
Stays in the final position for as long as is comfortable don’t strain the back,
ankles, knees or thighs by forcing the body into the posture.
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3.19.10 SHAVASANA - CORPSE POSE
Lie flat on the back with the arms about 15 cm away from the body,
palm facing upward. Make a distance of about one and half feet between legs.
The head and spine should be in a straight-line release the whole body and
stop all physical movements. This asana is supposed to be relaxation asana.
It is very useful in removing the fatigue created due to the practice of other
asanas.
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3.20 PRNAYAMA
3.20.1 NADI SUDDHI PRANAYAMA
Purpose:
Cleansing or purifying, control and extend the prana, the vitalized life
force energy.
Procedure:
Each breathing has a corresponding stimulation activating functions in
the energy channels, nadis. Yogic science defines each person has (21,000)
twenty one thousand prana channels. These channels are controlled by the
major three nadis. Susumna the central, channel identified with the spinal
cord. Along with the spine many branches come out on both the sides of the
body. Surya nadi pingala starts from the ajna chakra, bhrumadya, to right
thumb finger in the right leg, connecting all the nerves of the right side of the
body. Chandra nadi – ida – starts from the ajna chakra, bhrumadya, to the
left thumb finger in the left leg, connecting controlling all the nerves of the left
side of the body. These nadis are identified with right and left side
sympathetic and para sympathetic trunk line of nerves that balances the
bodies many functions including managing the body temperature that is
known to ancient rishies and yogis.
Each breath when it enters in and out air prana activates the Ajna
chakra and flows in with corresponding sides with breathing. When both the
nostrils are open the prana enters and flows from Ajna chakra to central
nerve, the spinal card upto tip of the spine energizing and balancing all the
nerves, channels of both the sides. It happens only in “ Sandhi vezlai”
connecting in between periods – 6.00 am to 1.00 pm, 6.00 pm to 12.00 pm.
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Nature helps to balance the flow of energy during these periods. Yogis and
rishies, all the religions uses these timing for the spiritual upliftment through
their practices and rituals.
The breathings in the nostrils changes, the sides, the free flow for 1to 2
hrs, throughout the day. When breathing flows on the right side it activates
and energizes the surya nadi and reaches the organs, glands and limbs of
that side. So with the left, the chandra nadi.
3.21 WALKING
Purpose
Walking improves fitness and physical function and prevents physical
disability in persons.
Equipment
Shoes and comfortable dress or wear.
Procedure
The technique for brisk Walking, weather it's power or raceWalking is
the same. Below are some tips on technique.
Legwork
1. A common mistake for beginners when trying to walk fast is
lengthening the stride (overstiriding). Overstriding is biomechanically
inefficient and can slow you down. It will burn more calories because
it's inefficient (which might be a good thing), but you may burn fewer
calories overall because you don't walk as far due to fatigue.
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2. Instead of overstriding to walk faster, concentrate on a powerful push
off which the front foot lands closer to the body. This is what elite
walkers do.
Footwork
1. Walk heel to toe and not flatfooted to increase speed.
2. Contact the ground with your heel.
3. Roll the foot forward over the center of your foot.
4. Push off with your toes.
Hips
1. Rotate your hips forward and backward as you walk.
2. Your waist should twist. Racewalkers can look funny because of the
hip rotation but restricted hip movement decreases your speed.
Torso
1. Keep your torso upright. Leaning forward or back will slow you down.
Arm work
1. Keep your elbows at 90 degrees.
2. Keep your hands relaxed.
3. Swing your arms forward and back and keep them close to your body.
Your hands should not cross the midline of your body to maintain
efficiency.
4. Speed up your arm swing to increase your speed and your legs will
follow! This really works!
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Head, neck and shoulders
1. Keep your shoulders and neck relaxed. Head should be upright, eyes
looking forward.
3.22 COLLECTION OF DATA
For the purpose of this study altogether 60 Diabetic patients were chosen
on random basis studies from Vellore District in Tamil Nadu. Their age group
ranges from thirty five to forty five. The 60 diabetes would be divided into four
groups each consists of 15. The experimental group I would undergo control
group and the experimental group II would undergo walking. The third group
would undergo yoga. Yoga and Walking would be the fourth group. Pre-test and
post-tests would be conducted treatment would be given for 12 weeks.
3.17 STATISTICAL TECHNIQUE
The following statistical procedure was followed to find out the effects
of selected Yoga and Walking on selected physiological, Bio-chemical and
psychological variables. Analysis of covariance was used for interpreting the
results as recommended by Anne. L. Rothstein, (1995).
When the ‘F’ ratio was significant to find out the significant difference
between the parried adjusted means, the post hoc test by Scheffe’s method
was used as recommended by Clarke and Clarke, (1992).
The general formula for this consumption is
(ms y-x) b F =
(ms y-x) w
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( m1 – m2)2 F =
MSW ( 1/n + 1/n)
SSW Where MSW =
Df
In order to be significant, F must be equal to or greater than (k-1) F-
0.05 or F- 0.0.5)
Finally the obtained statistical results were properly accounted for by
interpreting the logic behind the study.
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