Metadata Standards Metadata Standards and Applicationsand Applications
5. Applying Metadata 5. Applying Metadata Standards: Application Standards: Application
ProfilesProfiles
Goals of SessionGoals of Session Learn how metadata standards are Learn how metadata standards are
applied, used and documented:applied, used and documented: Learn about the concept and use of Learn about the concept and use of
application profilesapplication profiles Explore how different metadata Explore how different metadata
standards may be used together in standards may be used together in digital library applicationsdigital library applications
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Why Application Profiles?Why Application Profiles? Describes the set of metadata elements, Describes the set of metadata elements,
policies, guidelines and vocabularies policies, guidelines and vocabularies defined for a particular domain, defined for a particular domain, implementation, or object typeimplementation, or object type– Declares the metadata terms an organization, Declares the metadata terms an organization,
information resource, application, or community information resource, application, or community uses in its metadatauses in its metadata
– Documents metadata standards used in Documents metadata standards used in instance data, including schemas and instance data, including schemas and vocabularies, policies, required elements, etc.vocabularies, policies, required elements, etc.
– Called “application profile” or just “profile”Called “application profile” or just “profile”
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Benefits of Documenting Terms We Benefits of Documenting Terms We UseUse
To provide authoritative specification To provide authoritative specification of term usageof term usage
To facilitate interoperability by To facilitate interoperability by informing potential users of domain informing potential users of domain consensusconsensus
To support evolution of vocabulariesTo support evolution of vocabularies To encourage alignment of practiceTo encourage alignment of practice To enable interpretation of legacy To enable interpretation of legacy
metadatametadata
Less Flexibility, More PredictabilityLess Flexibility, More Predictability
Many metadata standards are sufficiently flexible Many metadata standards are sufficiently flexible that they need a mechanism to impose some that they need a mechanism to impose some constraintsconstraints– Profiles allow expression of the decisions made for a Profiles allow expression of the decisions made for a
project in machine-readable form (XML or RDFproject in machine-readable form (XML or RDF)) RefiningRefining
– Allow a narrower interpretation of a standard to suit your Allow a narrower interpretation of a standard to suit your projectproject
CombiningCombining– Enable mixing elements from various different standards Enable mixing elements from various different standards
(there are limits to this!)(there are limits to this!)
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Components of an AP Components of an AP Human readable documentationHuman readable documentation
– Property descriptions and relationshipsProperty descriptions and relationships– Domain or project specific instructionDomain or project specific instruction– Obligation and constraintsObligation and constraints
Machine-readable versions may contain:Machine-readable versions may contain:– Specific encoding decisions and XML or RDF Specific encoding decisions and XML or RDF
schemasschemas– Models of data relationships specific to the AP Models of data relationships specific to the AP
represented in the schemasrepresented in the schemas– Functional requirements and use cases supporting Functional requirements and use cases supporting
decisionsdecisions
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Using Properties from other SchemasUsing Properties from other Schemas
DC APs set stringent requirements for DC APs set stringent requirements for determining reusability of terms:determining reusability of terms:– Is the term a real “property” and defined as Is the term a real “property” and defined as
such within the source schema?such within the source schema?– Is the term declared properly, with a URI and Is the term declared properly, with a URI and
adequate documentation and support?adequate documentation and support?– In general, properties whose meaning is partly In general, properties whose meaning is partly
or wholly determined by its place in a hierarchy or wholly determined by its place in a hierarchy are not appropriate for reuse in DC APs without are not appropriate for reuse in DC APs without reference to the hierarchy.reference to the hierarchy.
Other styles of profiles have different Other styles of profiles have different requirements and strategies for developing requirements and strategies for developing machine-readability and validationmachine-readability and validation
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Documenting new propertiesDocumenting new properties Minimum: a web page, with the Minimum: a web page, with the
relevant information available to relevant information available to other implementationsother implementations
Better: a web page and an accessible Better: a web page and an accessible schema using your terms as part of schema using your terms as part of your application profileyour application profile
Best: all terms available on a Best: all terms available on a distributed registrydistributed registry
Singapore FrameworkSingapore Framework A Framework for designing metadata A Framework for designing metadata
applications for maximum interoperabilityapplications for maximum interoperability– Defines a set of descriptive components that Defines a set of descriptive components that
arenecessary for documenting an Application arenecessary for documenting an Application ProfileProfile
– Forms a basis for reviewing Dublin Core Forms a basis for reviewing Dublin Core application profilesapplication profiles
– Relates APs to standard domain models and Relates APs to standard domain models and Semantic Web standardsSemantic Web standards
– http://dublincore.org/documents/singaporeframework/
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An RDA Application ProfileAn RDA Application Profile A DCMI/RDA Task Group has been defining A DCMI/RDA Task Group has been defining
RDA properties and value vocabularies as RDA properties and value vocabularies as formal RDF vocabularies (with URIs)formal RDF vocabularies (with URIs)– IFLA has stated an intention to declare FRBR IFLA has stated an intention to declare FRBR
entities and attributes as wellentities and attributes as well– Next step is a DC application profile of RDA Next step is a DC application profile of RDA
according to the Singapore Frameworkaccording to the Singapore Framework– See See http://metadataregistry.org for the for the
provisionally registered properties/vocabulariesprovisionally registered properties/vocabularies
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METS ProfilesMETS Profiles Description of a class of METS documents Description of a class of METS documents
provides document authors and programmers provides document authors and programmers guidance to create and process conformant guidance to create and process conformant METS documentsMETS documents– XML document using a schemaXML document using a schema– Expresses the requirements that a METS document Expresses the requirements that a METS document
must satisfymust satisfy METS Profiles are output in human-readable METS Profiles are output in human-readable
prose and not intended to be “machine prose and not intended to be “machine actionable” (but they use a standard XML actionable” (but they use a standard XML schema)schema)
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Components of a METS ProfileComponents of a METS Profile 1. Unique URI1. Unique URI 2. Short Title2. Short Title 3. Abstract3. Abstract 4. Date and time of 4. Date and time of
creationcreation 5. Contact Information5. Contact Information 6. Related profiles6. Related profiles 7. Extension schemas7. Extension schemas
8. Rules of description8. Rules of description 9. Controlled 9. Controlled
vocabulariesvocabularies 10. Structural 10. Structural
requirementsrequirements 11. Technical 11. Technical
requirementsrequirements 12. Tools and 12. Tools and
applicationsapplications 13. Sample document13. Sample document
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MODS ProfilesMODS Profiles Some applications are establishing MODS Some applications are establishing MODS
profiles to document usage, required profiles to document usage, required elements, controlled vocabularies used, elements, controlled vocabularies used, etc.etc.
Some examples:Some examples:– DLF Aquifer MODS profile: to establish DLF Aquifer MODS profile: to establish
implementation guidelines for rich shared implementation guidelines for rich shared metadata for cultural heritage materialsmetadata for cultural heritage materials
– British Library electronic journal MODS profileBritish Library electronic journal MODS profile
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METS & MODS TogetherMETS & MODS Together METS can be used to package METS can be used to package
together the metadata with the together the metadata with the objectsobjects– METS allows for use of any XML METS allows for use of any XML
metadata schema in its extensionsmetadata schema in its extensions– MODS can be associated with any level MODS can be associated with any level
of the descriptionof the description– Technical metadata can be inserted and Technical metadata can be inserted and
associated with specific filesassociated with specific files
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Summary Thoughts on APsSummary Thoughts on APs Many metadata standards are sufficiently Many metadata standards are sufficiently
flexible that profiling is necessaryflexible that profiling is necessary– Documenting what is used in an application Documenting what is used in an application
will simplify and enhance data presentation, will simplify and enhance data presentation, conversion from other sources, ability to conversion from other sources, ability to provide different outputsprovide different outputs
– Constraining a metadata standard by Constraining a metadata standard by specifying what is used and how facilitates specifying what is used and how facilitates data exchange and general interoperabilitydata exchange and general interoperability
Documentation is always a good value!Documentation is always a good value!
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DC Application Profile DC Application Profile ExamplesExamples
Collections APCollections AP– http://www.dublincore.org/groups/collections/c
ollection-application-profile/2007-03-09/
Scholarly Works Application Profile (SWAP)Scholarly Works Application Profile (SWAP)– http://www.ukoln.ac.uk/repositories/digirep/ind
ex/Eprints_Application_Profile
Both these have been reviewed by the DC Both these have been reviewed by the DC Usage Board and are deemed compliant Usage Board and are deemed compliant with the DC Abstract Modelwith the DC Abstract Model
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METS/MODS AP ExamplesMETS/MODS AP Examples University of Maryland Descriptive University of Maryland Descriptive
MetadataMetadata– http://www.lib.umd.edu/dcr/publications/taglibr
ary/umdm.html UVa DescMetaUVa DescMeta
– http://lib.virginia.edu/digital/metadata/descriptive.html
Texas Digital Library profile for electronic Texas Digital Library profile for electronic theses and dissertationstheses and dissertations– http://metalogger.files.wordpress.com/http://metalogger.files.wordpress.com/
2007/06/tdl-etd-mods-profile.pdf 2007/06/tdl-etd-mods-profile.pdf Metadata Standards & ApplicationsMetadata Standards & Applications 1717
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Vocabulary Development in an Vocabulary Development in an AP: a Case Study of KMODDLAP: a Case Study of KMODDL
http://kmoddl.library.cornell.edu/http://kmoddl.library.cornell.edu/aboutmeta2.php aboutmeta2.php
Needed to describe all kinematic models, Needed to describe all kinematic models, plus materials related to the modelsplus materials related to the models
Developed several special vocabularies:Developed several special vocabularies:– Voigt1 and Voigt2 (plus the IDs)Voigt1 and Voigt2 (plus the IDs)– KMODDL Type (plus ID)KMODDL Type (plus ID)– An AAT subset for An AAT subset for MediumMedium
Adapted:Adapted:– DLESE GradeRange for DLESE GradeRange for AudienceAudience– MARC Organization List for MARC Organization List for MODS:physicalLocationMODS:physicalLocation
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Voigt1 and Voigt2Voigt1 and Voigt2 Based on a 19th century treatise on Based on a 19th century treatise on
the Reuleaux models, which the Reuleaux models, which classified them based on mechanical classified them based on mechanical principles principles (http://kmoddl.library.cornell.edu/model.php)(http://kmoddl.library.cornell.edu/model.php)
Names of the mechanisms used as Names of the mechanisms used as subject termssubject terms
Classification numbers used as IDs to Classification numbers used as IDs to tie the related materials togethertie the related materials together
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KMODDL Type VocabularyKMODDL Type Vocabulary http://kmoddl.library.cornell.edu/aboutmeta3.php http://kmoddl.library.cornell.edu/aboutmeta3.php Used to differentiate a complex array of Used to differentiate a complex array of
versions and related materials from one versions and related materials from one anotheranother
Allows distinctions between print and Allows distinctions between print and digital (of the same resources) and digital (of the same resources) and identifies granular levels within those identifies granular levels within those resources resources
Enables creation of organized web pages Enables creation of organized web pages presenting the information to userspresenting the information to users
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KMODDL ExampleKMODDL Example http://kmoddl.library.cornell.edu/http://kmoddl.library.cornell.edu/
model.php?m=244 model.php?m=244 Note:Note:
– Browse tree tab on leftBrowse tree tab on left– Lists of linked References and Resources Lists of linked References and Resources
at the bottom of the pageat the bottom of the page– Attributed descriptionAttributed description– Tabs for Image and Movie on the top Tabs for Image and Movie on the top
rightright
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Exercise Exercise Critique an Application Profile for a Critique an Application Profile for a
community or project, e.g., the Open community or project, e.g., the Open Language Archives Community Metadata Set Language Archives Community Metadata Set (OLAC-MS)(OLAC-MS) – OLAC Metadata (DC-based) http://www.language-OLAC Metadata (DC-based) http://www.language-
archives.org/OLAC/metadata.htmlarchives.org/OLAC/metadata.html– University of Maryland Descriptive Metadata University of Maryland Descriptive Metadata
http://www.lib.umd.edu/dcr/publications/taglibraryhttp://www.lib.umd.edu/dcr/publications/taglibrary/umdm.html /umdm.html
– UVa DescMeta UVa DescMeta http://lib.virginia.edu/digital/metadata/descriptive.http://lib.virginia.edu/digital/metadata/descriptive.html html
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Exercise: Questions to addressExercise: Questions to address Does the profile define its user community Does the profile define its user community
and expected uses?and expected uses? How usable would the profile be for a How usable would the profile be for a
potential implementer?potential implementer? How (well) does the profile specify term How (well) does the profile specify term
usage?usage? How (well) does the profile define and How (well) does the profile define and
manage vocabularies?manage vocabularies? Are there key anomalies, omissions, or Are there key anomalies, omissions, or
implementation concerns?implementation concerns?
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