Metabolic Rates Using Rates of Carbon
Dioxide Produced and Oxygen
Consumed in Terrestrial Animals Group 3 Amores, Caballes, Dizon, Ocampo, Whang
Outline
I. Introduction
II. Materials and Methods
III.Results
IV.Discussion
V. Summary
Introduction
Metabolism
- Greek word metabol (change) - Totality of chemical reaction in the body to
sustain life
(Reece et al., 2010)
Introduction
Anabolism vs. Catabolism- Anabolism: consumption of energy to make complex
molecules from simple molecules
- Catabolism: release of energy from breakdown of
complex molecules to simple molecules
(Reece et al., 2010)
Introduction
Respiration- Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide
- External respiration vs. Internal respiration
- Involuntarily or voluntarily controlled
- May limit metabolism
(Lindt et al., 2014; Prosser 1991)
Introduction
Anaerobic vs. Aerobic Metabolism - Requirement of Oxygen
- Both produce ATP, but differ in amounts
- Oxidation of molecules
(Randall, 1997)
Introduction
Calorimetry - Measurement of heat in a system and surroundings
- Direct Calorimetry vs Indirect Calorimetry
- Measuring heat over a period of time
- Measuring other factors aside from heat ex. Oxygen
consumption
(Sterling et al., 2013; Williams & Fruhbeck, 2009)
Materials and Methods
(400 ppm CO2, 20.9% O2)
Materials and Methods
=
4.53
1
1000
where ppm gas can either be the pressures of carbon dioxide or oxygen
uL gas can either be the volume of carbon dioxide or oxygen
Sample calculations:
= 3822 1642
4.53
1
1000 = 9.8754
Materials and Methods
= 755
760
273
273 +
where T is the average temperature observed in C
Sample calculations:
= 9.8754 755
760
273
273 + 26.24346= 8.950062
Materials and Methods
=
210
4.7 2
60 1
Sample calculations:
=
10.3747 210
4.7 2
60 1
25.14 = 11.6375 //
Materials and Methods
= 2
Sample calculations:
=10.3747 225.14 0.17
Results
Figure 1. Graph of changes in O2 and CO2 levels in the span of 600s.
y = 3.4678x + 1657.4
R = 0.9971
y = -3.311x + 206375
R = 0.5266
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
0 200 400 600 800
Co
nce
ntr
ati
on
(p
pm
)
Time (s)
CO2
O2
Table 1. Weights, oxygen consumption, carbon dioxide production, and metabolic rates
as respiration rate and heat production of four different mice.
Results Mouse 1 2 3 4
Weight (g) 28.88 33.66 25.14 29.5
Oxygen Consumption
(mL/min) 32.4386 35.5499 10.3747 8.66581
CO2 Production (mL/min) 9.57926 10.4917 8.950062 10.00239
Metabolic Rate as
Respiration Rate
(mL/hr/g)6.73932 6.33689 2.47606 1.76254
Metabolic Rate as Heat
Production gcal/hr/g 31.6748 29.7834 11.6375 8.2839
Results
Figure 2. Graph of respiration rate vs. body weight
.
y = -0.0307x + 2.9065
R = 0.9446
1.85
1.9
1.95
2
2.05
2.1
2.15
0 10 20 30 40Ma
ss-s
pecif
ic M
eta
bo
lic R
ate
as
Resp
ira
tio
n R
ate
(mL
CO
2/h
r/g
)
Body Weight (g)
Results
Figure 3. Graph of heat production vs. body weight.
y = 1.9217x - 35.952
R = 0.3075
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
0 10 20 30 40Ma
ss-s
pec
ific
Met
ab
oli
c R
ate
as
Hea
t P
rod
ucti
on
(gca
l/h
r/g
)
Body Weight (g)
Discussion
Levels of Metabolism
Measuring Metabolism via Respiration
Factors Affecting Metabolism
Levels of Metabolism
1. Standard metabolism
2. Routine metabolism
3. Active metabolism
Levels of Metabolism
1. Standard metabolism
- resting, or fasting metabolism at a given temperature
- absence of spontaneous activity, food digestion, and
physical, thermal, or psychological stress.
- ectotherms: SMR dependent on temperature
- endotherms: BMR does not vary with temperature,
but it must be measured in the thermoneutral zone
(Randall et al. 2001; Willmer et al., 2005)
Levels of Metabolism
2. Routine metabolism- minimal normal unrestrained activity
3. Active metabolism- distinguished by enforced maximal activity
- maximum metabolism at a constant temperature
(Norin & Malte, 2011; Willmer et al., 2005; Harris et al.,
2000)
Measuring Metabolism via Respiration
Correction of oxygen volume using STP factors- to allow standardization and more accurate comparison of
the results
- the removal of pressure as a factor in calculating the
metabolic rate
- only to account for variations in gas levels and
temperature
(Campbell & Farrell, 2010)
Measuring Metabolism via Respiration
Indirect calorimetry or respirometry1. open
- continuous flow of air
- flow rate
1. closed
- amounts of oxygen and carbon dioxide must
theoretically decrease and increase, respectively,
over time due to metabolic demands of respiration
(Lighton, 2008)
Measuring Metabolism via Respiration
Other methods of respirometry:1. Douglas bag
- respired air is collected for analysis of the changes in oxygen and carbon
dioxide concentrations over a short period of time
1. Differential Scanning Calorimeters
- ensuring the heat-flow rate to a sample organism against time or
temperature and comparing it to the pre-programmed temperature of the
sample in given atmospheric temperatures
1. OROBOROS Oxygraph-2k
- allows for the instantaneous, and real time recording of oxygen
consumption using new software
(Williams & Fruhbeck, 2009; Hhne et al., 1996; Htter et al., 2006)
Factors Affecting Metabolic Rate
1. Weight
2. Sex
3. Temperature
4. Diet
5. Light
6. Hormone Levels
7. Age
8. Activity(Randall, 1997; Frisancho, 2000)
Factors Affecting Metabolic Rate
Effect of body weight on metabolic rate
MR = a(body mass)^b
where a is the intercept of the log regression line and
b is the rate at which the metabolic rate changes by body mass
As the weight of an organism increases, its metabolic rate decreases.
Applicable only to different species as other factors play a bigger role
(Chapman & Reiss, 1999; Randall, 1997)
Factors Affecting Metabolic Rate
Metabolism and Surface Area - Surface Area Law - Claim has been disregarded by most physiologists
- implies that animals exhibiting relatively the same body temperatures
would exhibit the same metabolic rates.
(Blaxter, 1989; Mitchell, 1962)
Factors Affecting Metabolic Rate
Temperature - Different Effect for Ectotherms and Endotherms
- Increase of oxygen consumption upon increase in
temperature
(Randall et al., 2001; Schmidt-Nielsen, 1997)
Factors Affecting Metabolic Rate
Activity - Increase of metabolism, oxygen consumption due to
increase of locomotion velocity.
- Activities that involve dormancy, such as hibernation lowers
metabolic rate.
(Randall et al., 2001)
Factors Affecting Metabolic Rate
Sex- Generally Females have 5-10% decrease in metabolic rate
compared to Males
- In humans females have a lower muscle mass relative to
body size. Smaller metabolic rate per unit area
- Effect of sex on metabolism is inconclusive, since effects
become less pronounced as the individual ages.
(Tarnopolsky, 1999; McArdie, 2000; Mahan et al. 2012)
Factors Affecting Metabolic Rate
Light- Presence of light can affect the cycle of the animals activity.- Ex. A nocturnal animal may have a higher metabolic rate in
the dark, as that is the state at which it is to be most active.
- Yeast metabolism can be affected by certain wavelengths of
light.
(Summers, 2013; Robertson et al., 2013)
References
Blaxter, K. 1989. Energy metabolism in animals and man. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Brozek, J, 1965. Human Body Composition: Approaches and Applications. London: Pergamon Press.
Chapman, J.L. and Reiss, M.J. 1999. Ecology Principles and Applications. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Data Studio [software]. Roseville, California: PASCO Scientific.
Frisancho, A.R. 1993. Human Adaptation and Accommodation. United States of America: University of Michigan Press.
Harris, R.P., Wiebe, P.H., Lenz, J., Skjoldal, H.R. and Huntley, M. 2000. Zooplankton Methodology Manual. London: Academic Press.
Hhne, G., Hemminger, W., Flammersheim, H.J. Differential Scanning Calorimetry. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
Htter, E., Unterluggauer, H., Garedew, A., Jasen-Drr, P., and Gnaiger, E. 2006. High Resolution Respirometry-modern day tool in
aging research. Experimental Gerentology. 46: 103-109
Lighton, J. (2008). Measuring Metabolic Rates: A Manual for Scientists. Oxford University Press: New York. 75-85.
Lindh, W. Q., Pooler, M.S., Tamparo, C.D., Dahl, B.M., and Morris, J.A. 2014. Comprehensive Medical Assisting: Administrative and
Clinical Competencies, 5th edition. New York: Cengage Learning.
Mahan, L.K., Escott-Stump, S., Raymond, J. 2012. Krauses Food and Nutrition Care Process. United States of America: Elsevier.
McArdie, W.D. 2000. Essentials of Exercise Physiology. United States of America: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Mitchell, H. 1962. Comparative Nutrition of Man and Domestic Animals. United Kingdom: Academic Press, Inc.
Norin, T., and Malte, H. 2011. Reliability of standard metabolic rate, active metabolic rate, and aerobic scope in young brown trout
during period of moderate food availability. Journal of Experimental Biology. 214 1668-1675
Prosser, C. L. 1991. Comparative Animal Physiology: Environmental and Metabolic Animal Physiology, 4th edition. Massachusetts:
John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Randall, D., Buggren, W., and French, K. (1997). Eckert Animal Physiology: Mechanisms and Adaptations. 4th ed. New York: W. H.
Freedman and Company.
References
Reece, J. B., Urry, L. A., Cain, M. L., Wasserman, S. A., Minorsky, P. V., & Jackson, R. B. 2010. Campbell Biology. San Francisco:
Pearson Benjamin Cummings.
Robertson, J.B., Davis, C.R., and Johnson, C.H. 2013. Visible light alters metabolic rhythms by inhibiting respiration. PNAS. 110(52):
21130-21135
Schmidt-Nielsen, K. 1997. Animal Physiology: Adaptation and Environment, 5th edition. New York: Cambridge University Press
Sterling, E.J., Bynum, N., and Blaire, M.E. 2013. Primate Ecology and Conservation. United Kingdom: Oxford University Press.
Summers, M. 2011. Marine Respiration: The Effects of Temperature, Light, and Body Size on Pacific Zooplankton and Reef Goby
Collected 2-10N Latitude. Stanford University.
Tarnopolosky, M. 1999. Gender Differences in Metabolism. United States of America: CRC Press.
Williams, G. and Fruhbeck, G. 2009. Obesity: Science to Practice. United Kingdom: John & Wiley Sons, Ltd.
Willmer, P., Stone, G. and Johnston, I. 2005. Environmental Physiology of Animals. Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing.
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