1
1 2
3High-Voltage
GridMedium-Voltage
Grid
Low-Voltage Grid
Transformer
Protection Islanding & Restoration
Power Quality
Modelling Integration Cost
FlickerHarmonicsVoltage FluctuationFrequency Variation
Nuisance TrippingReverse Power FlowProtection CoordinationDifficult Fault Detection
Islands with Low Power QualityDelayed RestorationReclosing Into Live Islands
Lack of Tools to Model High PenetrationsLimited Availability of Data to Evaluate ModelsLimited Accuracy of Measured Data
Expensive Network Upgrade RequirementsComplexity and High Engineering CostDevices for Monitoring, Control and Protection
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2
3
Renewable Generation Interconnection
Low-Voltage Networks with High Penetration Level of Renewables
Microgrid Interconnection
ProtectionIssues
Islanding & Restoration
Power Quality
Modelling Integration Cost
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Lack of an Australian Standard
https://arena.gov.au/projects/noja-power-intelligent-switchgear/
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Sharing Data, Knowledge, Findings and Lessons Learned
100units
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x(t) = Xm cos 2p f0t +j( )Û X = Xm / 2( )e jj
GPS receiver
A/D conv.
PhasorMeasurement
Unit
Pulse-Per-Second
Modem
GPS antenna
Analog inputs(voltages/currents)
Data streaming
Synchrophasors,Frequency,
ROCOF
→
Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration
DG
Distributed
Generation OSM Recloser
RC20
OSM Recloser
RC20
→
Source: Virginia Tech FNET
→
Source: SGDRIL, Washington State University
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