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private or ecclesiastical charity, and all except the great highways
were likely to be but indifferently kept. Langland, in his _Piers
Plowman_, mentions the amending of 'wikked wayes' (by which he means not
bad habits but bad roads) as one of those works of charity which rich
merchants must do for the salvation of their souls. Thomas Paycocke's
choice of roads no doubt reflects many a wearisome journey, from which
he returned home splashed and testy, to the ministrations of 'John
Reyner my man' or 'Henry Briggs my servant', and of Margaret, looking
anxiously from her oriel window for his return. In his own town he
leaves no less than forty pounds, of which twenty pounds was to go to
amend a section of West Street (where his house stood), and the other
twenty was 'to be layde on the fowle wayes bitwene Coxhall and
Blackwater where as moost nede ys'; he had doubtless experienced the
evils of this road on his way to the abbey. Farther afield, he leaves
twenty pounds for the 'fowle way' between Clare and Ovington, and
another twenty for the road between Ovington and Beauchamp St Pauls.
As his life drew to its close he doubtless rode less often afield. The
days would pass peacefully for him; his business flourished and he was
everywhere loved and respected. He took pride in his lovely house,
adding bit by bit to its beauties. In the cool of the evening he must
often have stood outside the garden room and seen the monks from the big
abbey fishing in their stewpond across the field, or lifted his eyes to
where the last rays of sun slanted on to the lichened roof of the great
tithebarn, and on to the rows of tenants, carrying their sheaves of corn
along the road; and he reflected, perhaps, that John Mann and Thomas
Spooner, his own tenants, were good, steady friends, and that it was
well to leave them a gown or a pound when he died. Often also, in his
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last year or two, he must have sat with his wife in his garden with the
dove-house and watched the white pigeons circling round the apple-trees,
and smiled upon her bed of flowers. And in winter evenings sometimes he
would take his furred cloak and stroll to the Dragon Inn, and Edward
Aylward, mine host, would welcome him with bows; and so he would sit and
drink a tankard of sack with his neighbours, very slow and dignified, as
befitted the greatest clothier of the town, and looking benevolently
upon the company. But at times he would frown, if he saw a truant monk
from the abbey stolen out for a drink in spite of all the prohibitions
of bishop and abbot, shaking his head, perhaps, and complaining that
religion was not what it had been in the good old days; but not meaning
much of it, as his will shows, and never dreaming that twenty years
after his death abbot and monks gain stimulate the human
mind.'--Quoted from Petrarch's _Lettere Senili_ in Oliphant, _Makers of
Venice_ (1905), p. 349; the whole of this charming chapter, 'The Guest
of Venice', should be read. Another famous description of Venice occurs
in a letter written by Pietro Aretino, a guest of Venice during the
years 1527 to 1533, to Titian, quoted in E. Hutton, _Pietro Aretino, the
Scourge of Princes_ (1922), pp. 136-7; compare also his description of
the view from his window on another oioress in the Prologue to the
_Canterbury Tales_.
2. Miscellaneous visitation reports in episcopal registers. On these
registers, and in particular the visitation documents therein, see R.C.
Fowler, _Episcopal Registers of England and Wales_ (S.P.C.K. Helps for
Students of History, No. 1), G.G. Coulton, _The Interpretation of
Visitation Documents_ (Eng. Hist. Review, 1914), and c. XII of my book,
cited below. A great many registers have been, or are being, published
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by learned societies, notably by the Canterbury and York Society, which
exists for this purpose. The most important are the Lincoln visitations,
now in the course of publication, by Dr A. Hamilton Thompson,
_Visitations of Religious Houses in the Diocese of Lincoln_, ed. A.
Hamilton Thompson (Lincoln Rec. Soc. and Canterbury and York Soc., 1915
ff.); two volumes have appeared so far, of which see especially vol. II,
which contains part of Bishop Alnwick's visitations (1436-49); each
volume contains text, translation, and an admirable introduction. See
also the extracts from Winchester visitations trans. in H.G.D. Liveing,
_Records of Romsey Abbey_ (1912). Full extracts from visitation reports
and injunctions are given under the accounts of religious houses in the
different volumes of the Victoria County Histories (cited as V.C.H.).
3. The monastic rules. See _The Rule of St Benedict_, ed. F.A. Gasquet
(Kings Classics, 1909), and F.A. Gasquet, _English Monastic Life_ (4th
ed., 1910).
4. For a very full study of the whole subject of English convent life at
this period see Eileen Power, _Medieval English Nunneries c. 1275 to
1535_(1922).
_B. Notes to the Text_
1. _The Register of Walter de Stapeldon, Bishop of Exeter_ (1307-26),
ed. F. Hingeston Randolph (1892), p. 169. The passage about Philippa is
translated in G.G. Coulton, _Chaucer and His England_ (1908), p. 181.
2. See the account of expenses involved in 483, ed. C.L. Kingsford (Royal
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Hist. Soc., Camden, 3rd Series), 2 vols., 1919. The Betson
correspondence is in vol. II.
2. _The Cely Papers, selected from the Correspondence and Memoranda of
the Cely Family, Merchants of the Staple_, 1475-88, ed. H.E. Malden
(Royal Hist. Soc., Camden 3rd series), 1900.
I am much beholden to the excellent introductions to these two books,
which are models of what editorial introductions should be.
3. The best introduction to the history of the Company of the Staple is
to be found in Mr Malden's aforesaid introduction to _The Cely Papers_,
which also contains a masterly account of the political relations of
England, France and Burgundy during the period. I have constantly relied
upon Mr Malden's account of the working of the Staple system. Other
useful short accounts of the wool trade and the Stapler's Company may be
found in the following works: Sir C.P. Lucas, _The Beginnings of English
Overseas Enterprise_ (1917), c. II; and A.L. Jenckes, _The Staple of
England_ (1908).
_B. Notes to the Text_
1. Four interesting contemporary illustrations of Parliament in 1523,
1585, some date during the seventeenth century, and 1742 respectively,
are reproduced in Professor A.F. Pollard's stimulating study of _The
Evolution of Parliament_ (1920).
2. _The Lybelle of Englyshe Polycye_, in _Political Poems and Songs_,
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ed. Thos. Wright (Rolls Ser., 1861), II, p. 162. This remarkable poem
was written in 1436 or 1437, in order to exhort the English 'to kepe the
see enviroun and namelye the narowe see' between Dover and Calais, since
in the author's opinion the basis of England's greatness lay in her
trade, for the preservation of which she needed the dominion of the
seas. Its chief value lies in the very complete picture which it gives
of English import and export trade with the various European countries.
There is a convenient edition of it in _The Principal Navigations
Voyages Traffiques and Discoveries of the English Nation by Richard
Hakluyt_ (Everyman's Lib. Edition, 1907), I, pp. 174-202.
3. G.W. Morris and L.S. Wood, _The Golden Fleece_ (1922), p. 17.
4. For accounts of these brasses see H. Druitt, _A Manual of Costume as
Illustrated by Monumental Brasses_ (1906), pp. 9, 201, 205, 207, 253.
John Fortey's brass and William Greville's brass are conveniently
reproduced in G.W. Morris and L.S. Wood, _op. cit_., pp. 28, 32,
together with several other illustrations, pertinent to the wool trade.
5. Gower, _Mirour de l'Omme_ in _The Works of John Gower_. I. _The
French Works_, ed. G.C. Macaulay (1899), p. 280-1.
6. _The Paston Letters_, ed. J. Gairdner (London, 1872-5); Supplement
1901. See also H.S. Bennett, _The Pastons and their England_ (1922).
7. _Plumpton Correspondence_, ed. T. Stapleton (Camden Soc., 1839).
8. _Cely Papers_, p. 72; and compare below p. 134.
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9. _Stonor Letters_, II, p. 2.
10. _Ibid_., II, pp. 2-3.
11. The brasses of his father 'John Lyndewode, woolman', and of his
brother, also 'John Lyndewode, woolman' (_d._ 1421), are still in
Linwood Church. They both have their feet on woolpacks, and on the son's
woolpack is his merchant's mark. See H. Druitt, _op. cit_., pp. 204-5.
12. See _Magna Vita S. Hugonis Episcopi Lincolniensis_, ed. J.F. Dimock
(Rolls Series, 1864), pp. 170-7.
13. For these extracts see a vastly entertaining book, _Child Marriages
and Divorces in the Diocese of Chester_, 1561-6, ed. F.J. Furnivall
(E.E.T.S., 1897), pp. xxii, 6, 45-7.
14. _Stonor Letters_, II, pp. 6-8.
15. _Ibid_., II, pp. 28, 64.
16. _Ibid_., II, p. 64.
17. _Ibid_., II, pp. 42-43.
18. _Ibid_., II, p. 44.
19. _Ibid_., II, pp. 61, 64-5.
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20. _Ibid_., II, pp. 46-8.
21. _Ibid_., II, p. 53.
22. _Ibid_., II, p. 28.
23. _Ibid_., II, p. 47.
24. _Ibid_., II, p. 53.
25. _Ibid_., II, pp. 54-5.
26. _Ibid_., II, pp. 56-7.
27. _Ibid_., II, p. 69.
28. _Ibid_., II, pp. 87-8.
29. _Ibid_., II, pp. 88-9.
30. _Ibid_., II, p. 89.
31. _Ibid_., II, pp. 102-3, 117.
32. See Richard Cely's amusing account of the affair in a letter to his
brother George, written on May 13, 1482, _Cely Papers_, pp. 101-4. For
other references to the wool dealer William Midwinter see _ibid_., pp.
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11, 21, 28, 30, 32, 64, 87, 89, 90, 105, 124, 128, 157, 158.
33. _Stonor Letters_, II, p. 3.
34. _Ibid_., II, p. 64.
35. _Testamenta Eboracensia_ (Surtees Soc.), II, p. 56. He was a
well-known wool merchant of York, at different times member of the town
council of twelve, sheriff and mayor, who died in 1435. He is constantly
mentioned in the city records; see _York Memorandum Book_, ed. Maud
Sellers (Surtees Soc., 1912 and 1915), vols. I and II, _passim_.
36. _Cely Papers_, pp. 30-1.
37. _Ibid_., p. 64.
38. See his will (1490) in _Test. Ebor._, IV, p. 61, where he is called
'Johannes Barton de Holme juxta Newarke, Stapulae villae Carlisiae
marcator,' and ordains 'Volo quod Thomas filius meus Johannem Tamworth
fieri faciat liberum hominem Stapulae Carlis,' _ibid_., p. 62.
39. _Ibid_., p. 45.
40. _Ibid_., p. 48.
41. _Ibid_., pp. 154-5.
42. _The Lybelle of Englysche Polycye_ in _loc. cit._, pp. 174-7,
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_passim_. Compare Gower's account of the machinations of the Lombards,
_op. cit_., pp. 281-2.
43. See the clear account of all these operations in Mr Malden's
introduction to the _Cely Papers_, pp. xi-xiii, xxxviii.
44. _Ibid_., p. vii.
45. _Cely Papers_, pp. 194-6; and see _Introd_., pp. xxxvi-viii.
46. _Ibid_., pp. 71-2.
47. _Ibid_., pp. 174-88, a book entitled on the cover 'The Rekenyng of
the Margett Cely,' and beginning, 'The first viage of the Margaret of
London was to Seland in the yere of our Lord God m iiijciiijxxv. The
secunde to Caleis and the thrid to Burdews ut videt. Md to se the
pursers accomptes of the seide viages. G. Cely.'
48. _Ibid_., p. xxxviii.
49. _Stonor Letters_, II, p. 2.
50. _Ibid_., II, p. 4.
51. _Cely Papers_, pp. 112-13.
52. _Ibid_., p. 106; compare _ibid_., p. 135.
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53. 'Sir, the wool ships be come to Calais all save three, whereof two
be in Sandwich haven and one is at Ostend, and he hath cast over all his
wool overboard.'--_Ibid_., p. 129. 'Item, sir, on Frid, 190
_Pask_ (Pasche) Mart, 147, 193
Paston, John, 126; Letters, 125, 190
Pattiswick, 168
Paulinus, St, of Nela, 5
Paycocke: Emma, 166; John, 157,
165; John, jun., 166; Margaret,
165, 166; Robert, 166; Robert,
jun., 166; Thomas, jun., 157;
Thomas, Chap. VII _passim, see
also_ Cloth; bequests of, 168,
_see_ Will of; brasses of family of,
157, 195; burial ceremonies of,
171-2; character of, 167; child of,
166, 171; _consrater_ of Crutched
Friars, 168; death of, 166, 171;
friends of, 168; house of, 156, 158,
165, 170, 195, 200; merchant mark
of, 158, 159; repairs roads, 169;
second wife of, 166, 169, 171;
wedding of, 165; will of, 157, 158,
159, 166, 167, 168, 169, 195, 196
Pegolotti, Francis Balducci, 71
Peking (_see also_ Cambaluc, China,
Polo), 49, 57, 60, 71; ambassadors
sent to, 60; Archbishop of, 70;
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description of, by Oderic of Pordenone,
70; papal legate, to, 70;
Tartar rule in, 49
Pembroke, William, Earl of, 99
Perpendicular architecture, 152, 155,
159
Perpoint, Thomas, 161
Persia, 40, 42, 49, 51, 54, 61, 67
Peter the Tartar, 66
Petrarch, 100, 179, 180
Piacenza, Tebaldo di, 53
Pian da Carpine (_see_ Piano Carpini)
Pierre an Lait, 114
_Piers Plowman_, 84, 169
Pilgrims' Way, 140
Piano Carpini, John of, 50, 181
_Pleasant History of Jack of Newbury_,
162, 195
Plumpton Letters, 190
Polo:
Bellela, Donata, Fantina, Moreta,
65
on, 30, 170
Remy, Saint, 147
Renault de Louens, 99
Revolution, Industrial, 120, 154, 120
Reyner, 169
Rialto, 43, 64
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Saleby, Grace de, 127
Samarcand, 50
Sanly, Peter, 149
Sandwich, 143
Sext, 79
Shalford, 154
Shandu, Xanadu, 57
Shansi, 56, 59
Shensi, 47, 56
Ships, 136, 140, 142, 143, 192;
masters of, 141, 142; names of,
136, 141-3
Siam, 67
Siberia, 49, 70
Sicily, 42
Sidonius Apollinaris, 5, 8 ff; and his
villa, 9; and siege of Clermont,
10 ff
Socrates, 96
_Sohrab and Rustum_, 51
Soldaia, 50
Somerset House, 150, 155
Sordyvale, William, 134
Spain, Spaniards, Spanish, 37, 122
spices, 47, 48
Spice Islands, 70
Spooner, Thomas, 170
Stainfield, 82
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Stamford, 144
Staple, Chap. VI _passim, see_ Betson,
merchant; banking facilities of,
148; benefits of, 121, 122; brasses
of merchants of, 123, 156; business
of merchants of, 120-51;
competition of, with Merchant
Adventurers, 122; history of company
of, 189; location of, 121;
Merchants of the, Chap. VI
_passim_; organization of, 121;
regulations of, 121, 139, 140, 144,
145; wills of merchants of, 123;
_see also_ Betson, Wills
Starkey, Humphrey, 134
Stein, Sir Aurel, 67
Stepney, 135
Steward: Charlemagne's instructions
to, 19, 22, 24, 36; Master John the,
100, 108-9, 115-16; of Villaris, 20,
21, 22-4
Stoke Nayland, 168
Stonor: Dame Elizabeth, 129, 130
131, 132, 133, 135; Humphrey,
160; Letters, 125, 136, 145, 189;
Sir William, 125, 129-30, 134, 136, 145
Strabant, Gynott, 149
Stratford-Atte-Bowe, 73, 78
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Strossy, Marcy, 149
Suchow, Sugui, 48, 51, 64
Sudbury, 154
Suffolk, 153
Sugui, _see_ Suchow
Sumatra, 61, 63, 67
Sung dynasty, 46, 59, 61
Superstition (_see_ Charms), 27-9, 175
Symmachus, 5, 6
_Synxon_ (Synchon) Mart, 147, 193
Syon Abbey, 83
Syria, 37, 40-2
Szechuen, 56
Tabriz, 62
Tacitus, 4
Tana, 71
Tangut, 55, 57, 59, 63
Tartar(s), 49-52, 57, 62, 66-71, 178,
_see also_ Marco Polo; attitude of
West to, 49; embassy of, 52; fall of
dynasty of, 71; modern books on,
178; Peter the, 66; power of, 49;
princess, 61, 70; slaves, 66
Tartary, 49, 50, 63
Tate, John, 134, 137
Taylor, Robert, 160
Templars, 53
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Temyngton, 144.
_Testamenta Eboracensia_, 157, 154,
191, 196
Thames, 156
Theodulf, Bishop of Orleans, 35
Tibet, 43, 47, 49, 57, 66, 67
Tiepolo, Doge Lorenzo, 44, 45, 50
Tierce, 79
Timochain, 61, 180
Tittivillus, 83-4
Torneys, Robert, 144
Trade, _see_ Merchant
Trebizond, 40, 42, 62
Tripoli, 42
Turbot, Robert of Lamberton, 137
Turcomania, 54
Turkestan, 49
Tuscan, 42
Tyre, 40, 42
Udine, 70
Underbay, 137 _f_
Uppcher, Margaret and Robert, 166
Vandals, 15
Venice: Venetian, 39-44, 44-8, 51,
53, 62-5, 70, 71, 145, 177-8; Cassiodorus
on, 39; Chronicler of,
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_see_ Canale, Martino da; Doge of,
4, 44-6, 63; excommunication of,
41; history of, 39-46, 50, 178;
merchants of, at Hangchow, 70,
71; modern works on, 177; Polos'
return to, 53, 63; procession of
gilds in, 45, 48, 50; records of,
65; rivalry of, with Genoa, 42,
63-4; trade of, 37, 40, 41, 42-3,
47, 70, 145, 178; wedding of, with
sea, 40, 41; wool dealers of, 145
Vespers, 79
Villaris, 23, 24, 25
_Villicus, see_ Steward
Villein, Villeinage, 19, 21, 158
Visigoths, 10
Walberswick, 140
Walpole, 156
Wang Wei, 182
_Way of Poverty and Wealth_, 100
Wedding feasts, 115-16, 164-5
Welbech, William, 151
West: Riding, 167; Street, Coggeshall,
170, 171, 172
Whyte of Broadway, 137
Wido (_see also_ Bodo), 23, 27, 29, 33
Wilkins (Wylkyns) Henry, 140
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William I, 20
Wills: of John Barton of Holme,
191; of Thomas Betson, 134, 151,
194; of bishops, 158; of Paycockes,
157, 166-9, 195, 196; of
villeins, 158; general sources for,
157, 191, 196
Wilton, 176
Winchester, St Mary's, Abbess of, 86
Winchcomb, John (_see_ Jack of Newbury)
Wood, Lieutenant John, 54
Wool (_see_ Betson, Cely, Merchan
Staple); export of, 122, 123
Gower on, 123, 144; inspection of,
144; lives of merchants of, 151
(_see_ Betson); packing and shipping
of, 139-44; ports from
whence sent, 140; private bargains
in, 138; private letters or
export of, 125; purchase of, 136-7,
regulations concerning, 139-44;
revenues from, 121; sale of, 138,
145-9; tombs of merchants of,
123; where grown, 123, 136
Woolsack, 120
Wykeham, William of, 92
Xanadu (_see_ Shandu), 57
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Xenophon, 96
Yangchow, 57, 182
Yangtze river, 46
Yarkand, 54
Yellow River, 49
Yezd, 43
York, 94, 137
Yorkshire, 136, 137, 153
Ypres, 122
Yuan dynasty, 58
Yule, Sir Henry, 67, 177
Yunnen, 57
Zaiton, 54, 60, 71
Zanzibar, 70
Zara, 41
Zealand (Seland), 142, 146
Zeno, Renier, 44
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